digital batteries

Firstly, brief history of the development of mobile battery technology

With 3G networks in the accelerated process of global business, 3G users also appeared to grow substantially. Technically advanced enterprises 3G has a unique appeal, prompting users more often use a variety of multimedia services. Short period of 10 years, only to have a phone call from cells of all functions to be transformed into a variety of functions in one portable device. At the same time, the battery of mobile phones has grown complex and changes.

Early in the era of analog phones, batteries account for almost half the weight of the cell body also totaled 2 / 3 ratio. This undoubtedly affected the portability of cell phones. At that time, the batteries of mobile phones can be divided into three types: batteries nickel cadmium, nickel metal hydride and lithium-ion batteries, IBM ThinkPad T43 battery  IBM ThinkPad T60 battery.

Nickel-cadmium battery is composed of two plates, one with nickel hardware, and other materials system with cadmium, these two metals in batteries can produce reversible reaction, so that the battery can be recharged. Its greatest feature is firm, and talks long. The first “Big Brother” is the use of nickel-cadmium batteries.

Also known as green nickel-metal hydride batteries, because it contains no metal cadmium, do not pollute the environment. Its power reserve of more than nickel cadmium batteries for more than 30% to 50% of talk time and mobile phone can be extended by 30%.

Lithium-ion battery is a battery of high energy density, which, with the same size nickel-cadmium batteries, the batteries in nickel metal hydride over a larger reserve of power, lighter weight. Lithium-ion battery or a smart battery, it can be a smart charger dedicated to “speak” to achieve the shortest charging times and the highest cycle life and Dell Inspiron 8600 battery  Dell Inspiron 9200 battery capacity.

While mobile phones and small light weight to improve the performance of the development trend of mobile phone battery nickel-cadmium batteries of the transition at the beginning of the main phase of nickel metal hydride-based. With the rapid decline in the cost of lithium batteries, mainstream mobile phones currently on the market have been primarily using lithium-ion battery. Because the lithium Slim secondly, because the lithium batteries have greater capacity, greater density of power output, load faster.

In 2003, the use of lithium up to 90% (about 650 million group of demand) in 2004 increased to 94% (about 758 million group calls). Because there is no strong threat to short-term substitutes, if 2 ~ 3 years, lithium batteries can still maintain its edge in the market for mobile telephony is expected to 2005, the rate of ‘use will increase to 98%.

2, cell phone lithium battery of technological change

Lithium F3172A PB995A batteries for mobile phones mainly in liquid-based lithium-ion batteries, the recent development of lithium-ion cell phone battery should be around two main aspects:

First, the traditional liquid lithium-ion battery materials in positive and negative electrodes, electrolyte improvements. The increasing diversity of functions of mobile phone battery performance right to advance higher standards, has developed a new battery electrode materials will in future lithium-makers ion batteries for some time being competition. Currently, Japan Sanyo, and Sony took advantage of Ni, Co, Mn 3-component materials to produce high-capacity battery 4.4V, while the cathode active material Li (NiCoMn) 1/3O2 Honjo, at Japan, the company was sold, the cost of these materials LiCoO2 is approximately about half, therefore, their application will lithium batteries, especially lithium-Powered Battery to reduce the price of a degree.

Secondly, polymer lithium-ion batteries in cell phones will gradually increase the proportion of applications and will gradually replace the traditional Li-ion batteries, but before the launch of 3G, it is difficult for traditional lithium-ion batteries provide a threat.

Because lithium high energy density-ion battery, the overload condition, the increase in battery temperature, the excess energy, the PA3191U-3BRS PA3285U-2BRS battery internal pressure increases the risk of spontaneous combustion or explosion. Lithium batteries are generally liquid steel or aluminum for packaging, the battery of huge explosions.

In traditional liquid lithium-ion batteries lithium polymer developed from the battery (hereinafter referred to as poly-lithium battery), just be able to catch the performance of non traditional lithium batteries. Firstly, thank you film composite aluminum flexible packaging, as opposed to the hard shell packaging in terms of conventional lithium batteries, is not easy to explode, with more security. Secondly, poly-lithium batteries are lighter, thinner and higher capacity. Thirdly, in principle, poly-lithium battery can be designed in any shape, for cell phones and other mobile devices designed to provide excellent condition. Fourthly, the poly-electrolyte lithium battery using the gel or similar solid material, does not leak, thus reducing pollution.

This polymer lithium-ion battery energy density and load-discharge time, with lithium batteries traditional liquid are basically the same, its benefits are mainly reflected in the size and shape can be arbitrary. Poly-lithium batteries is difficult because of performance and price of ordinary lithium batteries caused by strong shocks, the current poly-lithium batteries accounted for 12% ~ 13% market share. However, as manufacturers continue to join, the price of lithium-polymer continues to decline, polymer lithium-ion battery in the current lithium-ion battery is a matter of time.

1. Elements of a battery option

AGM battery with a low cost advantage of large discharge current, but there is a narrow range of temperature, the VGP-BPS2A battery easy to dehydration and heat control deficiencies and gel batteries are expensive, but it was stable performance, range of temperature, resistance to more than off-load discharge, long life and so on.

As battery electric bike, in most cases, are high current, depth of discharge cycle, therefore, better adapted to use electric bicycle batteries gel batteries. Gel batteries are highly resistant to over-discharge capacity and high electro-hydraulic retention, excessive discharge of the battery to avoid the impact due to dehydration caused by thermal runaway phenomenon of generation of cells.

Rechargeable lead acid batteries of different brands are basically the same characteristics, but because the manufacturers of the formulation of the battery material, electrolyte concentration and content of Deng Jun different charging voltage are also some differences, therefore, strictly speaking, should be based on the manufacturing of batteries given specific requirements for determining the charging voltage of the PA3399U-1BRS battery program, otherwise easily lead to misuse of the battery.

Motor bikes and electric power output of batteries to match the power rating, so in order to prolong battery life, power bicycle motor to the extent possible, the battery is less than the nominal power to avoid the battery at full load or overload of work long-term conditions.

2, the efficient use of battery

The battery used in tandem, if the internal resistance of the battery is incoherent, in the process of loading and unloading the voltage across the battery would be inconsistent with any group that will eventually lead to premature failure of the pile because load. Therefore, electric bicycle, the consistency of the balance of the battery, the battery has a considerable impact. For consumers, fair use, but also on the balance of the consistency of the battery to some extent, affects the battery life. Based on the battery during the years of research and actual use, we recommend consumers to use the following methods of rational use A1060 batteries;

(1) Electric Juji line speed: 20-25km / h.

(2) Riding distance: 10-30km per day, depth of discharge less than or equal to 70% (once every 2 months, deep discharge).

(3) the load frequency: once per day.

(4) Charge: Ride single (which can carry a 10-year-old child under one).

According to the above method, good quality electric bicycles can be made in the normal use of 3-4 years or five years, and can use a battery and a half years or both. The depth of lower depth of discharge of the battery, the life cycle of the battery cycle longer battery life longer. Therefore, consumers are generally regarded as one of a charge cycle is wrong, to make their own use to prolong battery life, we must always leave the battery is fully charged state, a state of an extended power outage, the negative battery vulnerable to salinization, resulting in loss of LCBTP03003 battery capacity, affecting the battery life.

3, the battery maintenance

Qualified electric bike batteries manufactured by the manufacturer of the battery, the battery life and performance to some extent depend on consumer use and maintenance.

(1) Matching and battery charger.

Batteries for electric bikes is a bad charge, rather than harm, we can see the importance of matching chargers and batteries, there are two situations: first, the new charger and battery manufacturers to ensure their own settings do not match, the second is the load device itself, poor quality components, the beginning of use, fairly matched, that the burden of consumers and discharge cycles to use, the charger itself same is due to temperature, aging of components, where the charge voltage and switch current drift, the FK890 battery is damaged.

And manufacturers of electric vehicles recommend that consumers buy the best manufacturers corresponding battery charger, not because of momentary greed expensive rechargeable batteries bad, but not worth the candle.

(2) regular, rapid recovery of electricity.

Consumers in the statement on the use of life cycle is usually nominal, there is a misconception that to recharge a battery, the battery reduces the time, so whenever the consumption of battery power, as voltage protection for the controller began to add electric 31.5V did not know that this does not only fail to protect the battery, but also shorten the battery life. So, remind the majority of consumers, if possible, promptly complete the F4812A battery.

(3) Non-LED displays the voltage, to continue riding. Some consumers in the half-way ride, indicators show the state of tension, after taking a rest and then a way of riding, so much wrong with the battery, the battery will discharge in a serious salinization or generate sticks of lead crystal, so that short-circuit the battery, which affect life expectancy.

(4) electric bike is just beginning, climbing, overloading should try to help.

(5) on the road the rain, they should avoid wetting the switches and connectors to prevent leaks.

More knowledge about battery used lead acid batteries for electric bicycle maintenance and repair has a positive side, thanks to technological improvements, including improved technology to freeze the current cost – effective lead-acid batteries with other batteries of a great advantage over.

In general, lithium-ion battery consists of three parts: lithium-ion protection circuit (PCM), the shell or shell plastic

1. Battery Category

Lithium-ion VGP-BPS10 battery and a cell phone to the situation, generally divided into an external battery and built-in battery, to name a very easy to understand, external battery that is directly installed in the backs of hands, for example: 191 MOTOROLA, SAMSUNG series, etc.; High battery is charging cell phones, but another shell, one in the loop when cell phone batteries, such as: 998.8088 MOTOROLA, NOKIA most models

1. External Battery

External battery pack in the form of ultrasonic welding and loop two kinds:

1.1 Ultrasonic Welding

Shell

Such packages are below the battery casing points, ABS + PC hardware is generally expected, the shell surface treatment injection, in general, the model names: 191 MOTOROLA, SAMSUNG series, the original battery cover long-term use after treatment with injection does not normally wear flowers, and some brands to spend a few days the Dell Inspiron 1300 battery cell or parallel shells began to fall off the fuel injection. The reasons are: the shell of batteries for mobile phones are cheaper, the cost of treatment is usually injected shell several times (good), so that the processing involves three steps: Spray Varnish (land), injection (the formation of color), then light oil spray (the order should be, if I remember correctly), while some manufacturers to reduce the cost of disposing of the proceedings at first and third work order the cost is very low.

The ultrasonic welding presses

His role as follows:

The best of the industry should be made presses ultrasonic welding of the letter Electric Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, Kuwait product.

Welding

With good presses ultrasonic welding does not OK if the weld with the equipment and presses Shell welding setup has a lot to the outer shell is made primarily with manufacturers of relevant equipment to nozzle doping situation, while parameter configuration must find their own way for the company because it involves a number of F4486B technical, unable to say more.

1.2 cards Button

The principle of snap-in design of stacks of the lower crust to form the snap-in, which is usually only once, if the card is getting better off the user opened strong, then it can not recover, but it is not important for the manufacturer in terms of difficulty (good map then folded open), and its representative models: Ericsson 788, Motorola V66.

2. Built-in battery

Built-in battery, there are two forms of sealing, ultrasonic welding and packages marked (using the brand will be the battery all packed)

Ultrasonic welding of the battery are mainly: NOKIA 8210,8250,8310,7210 and so on.

The subject of the VGP-BPS9 battery a lot, like the previous two years was MOTO998 Hu, 8088 by.

2. Lithium-ion battery circuit protection (PCM)

Section II of lithium-ion batteries by the knowledge that we can see that the lithium-ion batteries need at least triple the protection —– Over-load protection, over-discharge protection, protection short-circuit, then they should generated a circuit protection, the protection requirements of circuit protection for these three objectives:

Protection against overload: Protection against overload principle IC as follows: When an external charger for lithium battery, when, to avoid a temperature rise caused by increased internal pressure must terminate the charge state. At this stage, the need to test the battery voltage to protect IC when the time comes to 4.25V (assuming that the point of overcharging 4.25V) or start on the protection of burden would cut the MOS power since the opening, closing and the load.

Over-discharge protection: over-protection principle of the landfill IC: To prevent over-lithium batteries discharge, lithium batteries connected to the case load, when the battery voltage is lower lithium the more-developed discharge voltage detection (assumed to be 2.5V) will start over-discharge protection, power MOSFET to cut the discharge passage of the open-ended to avoid battery-phenomenon discharge, and keep the battery low quiescent current in standby mode, currently only 0.1U. When the lithium battery is connected to the charger and the battery voltage lithium is greater than this period of excessive discharge voltage, over-discharge protection is lifted. In addition, taking into account the conditions of discharge pulse, excessive discharge detection circuit with time delay to prevent malfunction.

Over discharge protection and support to protect the IC main manufacturers are: Mitsumi (MITSUMI), Seiko, Taiwan Fu Jing (DW01, FS301, 302), Ricoh, Motorola, packaging, etc. mainly for SOT26, SOT6

Overcurrent and short-circuit current

For unknown reasons (discharge or negative by metallic objects inadvertently) caused by over-current circuit or short, to ensure security, you should immediately cease its discharge. Terms runway Principles of protection against overcurrent IC, when the discharge current is too large or too short occurs, the protection of integrated circuits should start (short circuit) the current protection, over current detection at this time is power MOSFET’s Rds (on) as a sensor monitoring the impedance voltage drop in the case, if the ratio set by the A1060 voltage-current detection is higher when the discharge stopped, the formula is:

V = I × Rds (on) × 2 (V-for over-current detection voltage, I the discharge current).

Suppose V = 0.2V, Rds () = 25mΩ, and protect the current size of I = 4A on.

Similarly, too much time current detection delay should also be provided to prevent current flow generated when there are unexpected failures.

Usually, after the election of overheating if they can remove the excess current factors (such as the charge immediately and out) will resume its normal state, may proceed with the normal load, the discharge action.

Focus: If the computer or laptop into standby, hibernation or sleep mode, then the iPod will stop charging. To recharge your iPod, set it directly connected to the USB port on the computer, and ensure the closure of standby, hibernation or sleep mode.

Note: If you use a laptop, will ensure that the power supply connected, and keep the lid or display is open. If the lid is closed, then the computer may enter standby, hibernation or sleep mode, so the iPod LCBTP03003 can not be properly loaded.

Tip: If you have an Apple iPod USB Power Adapter, then you can not open the computer case power supply to charge your iPod.

 Improper conduct charge

In some cases, some may look like the iPod does not load in the load, while in practice. Or, you may think that your iPod in the charge actually did not pay:

If you use Windows 2000, then after syncing the iPod that it may stop charging. Please refer to document 304801 “iPod: The correct charge for Windows 2000 process steps to ensure the iPod to maintain the load.

If the computer or laptop in standby mode, then the iPod will stop charging. Please disable sleep mode and ensure that the laptop connected to food.

When you use the USB 2.0 hub for connecting iPod nano to the computer, the charging indicator power may show a slower pace. It is an illusion does not mean that the rate of charge iPod nano is in decline.

If the iPod nano, fifth-generation iPod or iPod mini (Second Generation) apple A1060 battery completely without electricity, then the charging icon will no longer display the animation, you may wait 10 minutes, the computer can recognize. Click here for additional information.

When you launch iTunes from the iPod nano and keep it with the port USB 2.0 connection, in the process of charging the battery indicator at the top of the screen may not display animation. If you see the indicator on the battery with lightning, then the iPod nano is charging instructions.

Charge for your iPod

You can connect the iPod to the Apple iPod power adapter, or connect to a computer port high-power USB or FireWire port for your iPod battery.

Power Adapter

If you use the Apple iPod Power Adapter, then please use your iPod with a USB or FireWire cable to connect your iPod to the adapter. Then, insert the adapter into the outlet to work. Adapter can be purchased at the Apple Store.

Computer

If you want to use your computer to charge your iPod, then verify that the computer is open, not in sleep mode (please refer to the computer’s operating manual to learn how to disable the standby mode) and make sure you connect the iPod to the USB or FireWire port available electricity. If you use a USB adapter, so please use your iPod with the USB cable (or Apple-branded cable) to connect the iPod to a high power port. High power USB port is usually provided by the computer itself, rather than the keyboard provided on the keyboard USB port is a little energy.

Note: If you use a laptop, then please ensure that the plug on power, and to ensure that the lid or display is opened, because the lid closed May cause the computer to sleep , hibernation or sleep mode, allowing iPod can be charged.

All Macs and some PCs FireWire port is to provide electric power. If you only have 4-pin FireWire port, and may not be able to provide electricity. If you use a FireWire port, then please use your iPod with a FireWire cable (or Apple-branded cable) to connect the iPod to the FireWire port on the computer.

Once connected, your iPod apple M8403 battery can be responsible for approximately 1 hour in 80% of the electricity consumption of about 4 hours at full load (charging time may vary depending on machine model to vary – dependent the iPod nano to 80% of the electricity needs of 1.5 hours, fully charged Zexu about 3 hours, fifth generation iPod charging to 80% of the electricity needs of two hours, fully charged Zexu about 4 hours) . Until the battery is fully charged, you can disconnect the connection to use an iPod, you do not have to wait until the battery is fully discharged before recharging. This is because the lithium-ion batteries like the iPod does not come with rechargeable nickel as well as memory function.

Stop after the battery is fully charged, so if you do not have to worry all night to power (power is still attached iPod does not keep its costs). Once the battery is fully charged (the battery icon stops animation), please disconnect the iPod connection. If you use a computer to recharge the iPod, then please ensure that the correct charge is complete, disconnect iPod connection.

More information to charge the battery, please refer to the “iPod User’s Guide.” To learn more about iPod batteries for more information, please consult the relevant contents of the iPod Battery FAQ.

How can I see the battery status?

upper right corner of the iPod screen will display a battery icon to show the approximate remaining power. If the process of charging the iPod in sleep mode, then the center of the screen will display the same icons wide. Click here to learn how to display the battery power of iPod shuffle.

Use iPod Dock

iPod nano, Fifth Generation iPod, iPod photo, iPod (dock connector), iPod (Click Wheel), color screen iPod mini and the iPod can be found in his VGP-BPS13B/B cell on the charge, provided meet the above conditions can be loaded by a computer. Make sure iPod Dock connected to your computer with a high-power USB or FireWire port, or connect to the iPod adapter.

IPod charging in foreign countries to issue

If you live abroad, the situation is the cause? Abroad, you can do to recharge your iPod? Absolutely. Apple iPod Power Adapter for power in the world using a common standard. To avoid trouble, please consider buying World Travel Adapter Kit, you can ensure that in the case of a variety of holds, you have the appropriate plugin. The tool also applies to most of the iBook and PowerBook G4 AC Adapter.

Warranty Information

If your iPod has been more than Apple years limited warranty or the AppleCare Protection Plan for iPod, then you need to protect external program of replacement apple MacBook Pro 15 inch battery to pay for a replacement battery. Please refer to Program Replacement iPod Battery for more information.

When lithium-ion batteries are now cell phones, laptops and other mobile electronic devices, the provision of basic amenities, but also began to apply to light electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles and electric. However, due to the rapid growth of demand in the cost of lithium-ion batteries become increasingly important, due to improved energy density batteries, accidents Laptop battery safety have also been reported. Lithium-ion battery industry is currently an imminent major adjustment of the structure, dynamics and cell energy storage associated with industrial materials, processes and equipment at the direction of major technological innovations.

Using a variety of ways to increase security

Engaging the Material Safety battery, battery design, manufacture and application in many aspects, just changing the cathode material can not completely guarantee the security of the battery. Only the main material is necessary to carefully select the material of anode, electrolyte and battery separator, as a lithium-ion battery anode materials are materials of carbon, oxides of metals and alloys, graphite materials is still today a large lithium-material ion battery anode, however, its safety performance than the hard carbon materials, while the titanate spinel materials of the lithium anode has a higher security. May withstand higher temperatures using a new electrolyte membrane and the treatment of flame retardants is to improve the safety of lithium-ion IBM ThinkPad T43 battery technology.

Affect the safety of lithium-ion batteries are a major factor in the electrode materials of the drums, electrolytes and manufacturing processes and conditions of use. A cell phone used in the lithium-ion battery weighing about 20 grams, the basic requirement is that the likelihood of security incidents occurred less than one in one million, which is publicly acceptable minimum standards, the Reality is more than 1 / 10000000 small. Electric Bicycle Lithium-ion battery packs used in weight from 3 kg to 4 kg, 100 times larger than a cell phone, pure electric cars use 300 kg to 400 kg of batteries, as electric bus, or weight Battery electric trucks will be 1500 kg and 2000 kg, even more “mobile” 75,000 times ~ 100000 times. As increases battery capacity, the possibility of a significant increase in security incidents. Therefore, the battery is lithium-ion batteries, it must improve its safety performance over the single cell, asking for security indexes as high. Such as commonly used in batteries for mobile phones in the cobalt oxide and lithium use graphite as a lithium-material ion battery anodes to the positive hp Pavilion DV1000 battery post to large scale security l ‘licensure will not be guaranteed.

China started to conduct research and development of lithium-ion battery electric vehicles when there were a number of explosions and burn injuries, one of the main reasons is that the use of batteries for mobile phones are generally used in the cobalt oxide, lithium as cathode material for batteries. Then browse to the cathode material replacement for lithium cobalt oxide to address issues of safety is the driving force-type lithium-ion battery R & D a top priority. China high power lithium-security issues of ion battery in the “Tenth Five-year period” was a better solution. Using modified cathode materials of lithium manganese oxide reduces the nature of the content of lithium cobalt acid lithium as active low. Japan’s mass-produced the battery capacity of lithium manganese monomer small, as publicly reported in the 3000 Tokyo Power battery electric car for 216 13Ah lithium manganese batteries.

Lithium iron phosphate as cathode to better security

On the cathode, the lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) Charge-state thermal stability of the oxidizing capacity of the electrolyte level is low, with better security, can be used to make a larger toshiba PA3399U-1BRS battery. LiFePO4 theoretical capacity of 170 mAh / g, compared to the voltage 3.5V lithium metal, made of materials, the actual reversible capacity above 160 mAh / g. In comparison with other materials, lithium-ion chemical diffusion coefficient of LiFePO4 electronic conductivity below room temperature is far below that of other cathode materials, the need for reducing the size of the material, coated d Agent driver how to improve the material properties and the realization of applications use the default has introduced a low density, the volume is too great and the electrolyte of the battery more. The current research effort is to develop new methods of lithium iron phosphate synthesis and hardware has been modified to improve the overall performance of lithium iron phosphate.

The first synthesis of railway lithium phosphate JB Goodenough reaction in solid phase. This method is simple and convenient, easy to use, a longer cycle of disadvantage is that synthetic products were difficult to control the stability of the lot. How heat treatment and processing into powder, the process to prevent oxidation of bivalent iron is the synthesis of critical control points. There are many R & D team has developed the carbon thermal reduction method, co-precipitation, hydrothermal method, the method of spray pyrolysis.

At present the international community can create businesses lithium iron phosphate Valencia, A123, Phostech well. Lithium iron phosphate ongoing development of industrial enterprises are also many. According to the Internet survey, 80% of domestic cathode materials for well known suppliers of lithium batteries of foreign claims that its lithium iron phosphate during development and production of related products. And the “international professional players’ contrast, investment in R & D intensity and time point of view, is still in its infancy.

Compared to other lithium apple MacBook 13 inch battery material, lithium iron phosphate is still very young. Some people say that the battery used in power tools, it has been said that it would apply to electric bus batteries, the initial opening is the need to be encouraged.

Japan in the field of lithium-ion battery has a monopoly, Sony, Sanyo Electric, Matsushita Battery, NEC and other famous companies have built large-scale lithium-ion battery range of production, but most manufacturers also maintain and expand production of the original mark, all use their own advantages to develop lithium-ion battery of new products. Japanese New Sunshine Program in 1992 to start lithium battery-development plans of ion battery R & D funds invested over one billion U.S. dollars, access to technology and technological breakthroughs. Toyota has recently begun mass production of lithium-ion rechargeable battery, in February 2003 for the announcement of a small car “Vitz” model, the stability to withstand the test of market. Hitachi, NEC, Mitsubishi and other companies producing lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles Bulk, Fuji Heavy Industries, Tokyo Electric Power Design for the introduction of the use of lithium manganese cathode materials for oxide-vehicle lithium-ion battery electric “R1e”, a fast charge mode, 15 minutes can be filled to 80% of the price may move around a sub-80km. Maximum speed of 100km / h. Tokyo Electric Power in 2006, then in 30 years R1e. In addition, since 2007 to import a total of about 3000. Overall, Japan remains the main country of battery technology to power its supply batteries and their mass production of key materials technology has matured, the performance was almost meet the demand for electric vehicles.