digital batteries

Solid reaction method of state was used with lithium, iron, phosphate salts as raw materials, raw materials grinding dry, baked at high temperatures in an inert atmosphere or reducing to a certain temperature to accelerate heating temperature, reaction time after cooling to produce the necessary powder iron phosphate lithium Sony VGP-BPL8 Sony VGP-BPL8A. Our core technology is the use of mixed ion doping process (Fig. 1) and liquid carbon coated technology. Lithium iron phosphate through the iron fence put up little silicon, the introduction of oxygen potential of fluorine, chlorine, sulfur and other elements doped, resulting in a lithium-ion Holidays, substantial increase in the conductivity of iron phosphate bulk lithium ion, one stroke solve the iron phosphate lithium large magnification poor performance, poor low temperature performance gaps.

With “liquid carbon coating” process, effectively improve the distribution of particle surface morphology LiFePO4 and carbon, has considerably improved the electronic conductivity of LiFePO4 and achieve its nano-particle technology.

Get this powder process of lithium iron phosphate has the following structural parameters: D10 ≥ 0.8μm; D50 ≈ 2.00 ~ 3.00μm; D90 ≤ 20μm; tap density of 0.8 ~ 1.0 g/cm3 and that the area of 18 ~ 20 m2 / g, the morphology of micro-enterprises, see electron microscopy. Showed a spherical particle, the particle size of 200 ~ 500nm, the second spherical particles, dispersion, excellent with an average particle size of about 2 ~ 3μm. Vostro 1500 battery Vostro 1700 battery

As the electronic conductivity of lithium iron phosphate and ionic conductivity have been greatly improved, so the battery displayed an excellent performance. 2032-half of such cells, 0.2C on the following capacity to 145mAh / g, 0.2 ~ 10C under the voltage drop of only 0.25 V, the capacity fell only 25mAh / g , 10C, 300 cycles, the retention capacity was 95%;

Phosphate LiFePO4 cathode material, among others, Li3V2 (PO4) 3 is also good for security and electrochemical properties are also ideal, is to become the EV and HEV Li-material ion battery cathode. Li3V2 (PO4) 3 with monoclinic structure, and its relatively high ionic conductivity compared to LiFePO4, but its electronic conductivity is still low, usually through carbon coated to improve its electronic conductivity. We are prepared using solid phase reaction of carbon coated Li3V2 (PO4) 3, respectively, and citric acid (citric acid), sugar (glucose), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and starch (starch ) as the pyrolytic carbon reduction after the agent, excessive carbon may also act as agent driver. Finally found that the use of citric acid powder obtained has a high capacity to 3.0-4.3V at 0.2C charge and discharge, the availability of 118mAh / g reversible capacity, and not after 100 cycles the capacity decay, obtained from the PVDF powder magnification excellent performance in the discharge 5C under magnification will always be able to reach 95mAg / h capacity. PA3399U-2BRS PA3465U-1BRS

3 high anode material securities – the materials anodic oxide metal

Calorimetry studies have shown that metal oxides such as Li4Ti5O12, Fe2O3, so that the graphite anode shows better thermal performance security. Li4Ti5O12 because of the good structural stability known as the zero material strain, high load and platform discharge (1.5 V vs. Li + / Li) to match the thermal reaction of the electrolyte compared to the reaction Lithium intercalation of graphite with the electrolyte from the heat much more relaxed, and can reduce the transport of ions through nano-based way to improve the performance of battery power, so this material also showed the power of Battery broad application prospects, is expected for high density power system battery.

By thermal polymerization of acrylic acid were prepared nano-powders Li4Ti5O12, the powder sintered at 750oC average particle size of 120 nm, good performance of the electrochemical properties of the loop 100 times, the reversible capacity is still as high as 160 mAh / g, but also in the 10C Under the flow can reach 122 mAh / g capacity. IBM ThinkPad T42 battery  IBM ThinkPad T43 battery

To facilitate industrialization, we have also been achieved using solid-phase synthesis of Li4Ti5O12, due to lack of access to the nanoscale solid phase method of powder to obtain a magnification of good performance, we use the name of the composition of Cu-doping to prepare Li4Ti5CuxO12 powder X +, and get the best composition of x = 0.15 when the powder Li4Ti5Cu0.15O12.15, this material contains two types of structure spinel, namely Li4Ti5O12 and Li2CuTi3O8 first lithium intercalation process, Li2CuTi3O8 through the following reactions produce the same quality of Cu, Cu resulting uniformly distributed in the electrode, the electrode significantly increased the electronic conductivity, thus improving performance of battery power.

Li2CuTi3O8 + 2 Li = 0.6 Li4Ti5O12 + Cu + 0.8Li2O

Nano metal oxide transition as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries can significantly improve the battery charge or discharge capacity and performance of the new generation of lithium-development of ion battery in a direction important, with good development prospects. We have developed a simple synthetic method and practice – the heat curing acrylic, and particle size were prepared using this method, homogeneous and nano-Fe2O3 nano-composite Fe-oxides Li By optimizing the precursor liquid formulations, the calcination temperature, electrode formulation and so on, we have prepared a good electrochemical performance of nano-Fe2O3-based anode for lithium-ion G5266 HD438 battery after 200 cycles, the electrodes were able to meet that capacity 1300mAh / g or more. And we use it for industrial batteries, through testing short-circuit the negative than the usual graphite anode has a better safety performance.

4 The high-security system of the electrolyte

Electrolyte contains high activity of flammable organic solvents led to lithium-security issues of Ion battery is an important reason, developing the electrolyte of high security, to solve its security problems are the most direct and effective. As of dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) has a higher than the TMP and other phosphorus content of phosphate, should be more efficient flame retardant, DMMP high viscosity and low dielectric constant possible to ensure that the electrolyte electrochemical performance is not affected, while the low freezing point most likely to improve properties of existing low temperature electrolyte, in addition to the price advantage DMMP widely used to increase their weight.

. This electrolyte at low temperatures showed more than usual electrolyte (1M LiPF6/EC + DEC (1:1 wt.)) A higher conductivity in the cathode half cell LiCoO2/Li established a greater discharge capacity and better performance at low temperature. PP2182L HSTNN-LB31

DMMP compatibility problems even though it may be, and, like many other additives, it is extremely difficult, and graphite negative, but more effective flame retardant in reducing the amount of fire retardant characteristics to facilitate the contradiction between the graphite-compatible and can be adopted (1) The use of modified graphite surface, (2) and forming compound additive are two ways to resolve this contradiction. By adding 5% of film forming electrolyte additives, vinyl ethylene carbonate (VEC), the electrolyte and the spherical MCMB graphite and amorphous carbon-coated graphite (SMG) of the compatibility between the marked improvement in LiCoO2 / MCMB and LiCoO 2 / SMG best performance throughout the performance of the cell cycle, LiCoO2 / SMG full battery in the loop 50 times, the capacity retention rate of 82% or more.

Structural stability of the anode and the DMMP-based electrolyte Li4Ti5O12 there is greater stability, we Li4Ti5O12 the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 with 5V cathode material with the formation of a new 3V battery, using the aforementioned high DMMP security based on the electrolyte in the absence Canadian film-forming additives which may be more compatible with the positive and negative electrodes, and demonstrated throughout the cell may be comparable to the performance of conventional battery electrolyte, which for High security in the use of the anode electrolyte lithium titanate power the field of batteries and battery energy storage to display a broad application prospects. PA3383U-1BRS PA3395U-1BRS

5 Conclusion

Lithium-ion batteries high security depends on the use of materials of high security. LiFePO4 and Li3V2 (PO4) 3 phosphate cathode material has an excellent safety, we have prepared by solid-phase powder has a good battery performance, especially with the performance of outstanding magnification is scheduled for the next generation of access to power battery applications. Materials of metal oxides as the anode in existing graphite anode showed better security, we have synthesized by thermal polymerization of nano-materials magnification Li4Ti5O12 anode has excellent performance, while solid phase prepared by Li4Ti5CuxO12 + x powders, because of the original Cu single bit of build quality, improve significantly the conductivity of the electrode, and substantially increase the performance of battery power; Fe2O3 nano-and nano-Li-Fe composite oxide as anode material is a class of high capacity and safety of cathode materials with wide application prospects. High security against the use of electrolyte materials, lithium-ion battery safety of the most cost effective manner, DMMP-based electrolyte has an excellent safety and conventional LiCoO2 / C system and a new battery LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/Li4Ti5O12 Battery Systems showed good performance of the battery, such M8403 A1079 battery electrolyte in the industry is expected to quickly gain access.

Photovoltaic solar energy can be divided into two categories: monocrystalline / polycrystalline silicon cells and thin-film Sony VGP-BPS10A Sony VGP-BPS10A/B solar. On August 26, 2009, the State Council executive meeting, due to overcapacity and redundant construction of the polysilicon to be “named.” To replace the polysilicon thin film industry have increasingly high expectations. An exclusive interview with this newspaper on this issue Switzerland Oerlikon Solar CEO Hans Juergen.

China New Energy: As a global leader in thin silicon supplier film photovoltaic production equipment, you can talk to the silicon thin film solar cell panels of the PV market share have experienced a Mody much?

Hans Jurgen: Oerlikon Solar production capacity in the corporate world more than 450 MW installed capacity of Oerlikon customers so far has produced more than 1 million solar panels. Oerlikon amorphous silicon and microcrystalline rolled (micromorph) technology for silicon thin film solar photovoltaic customers in Germany in early 2008, launched the world’s first line micromorph. Therefore, the application of this technology lies in the early development of the market. Cells thin-film silicon solar now represents a market share of the global PV market -8% to 5%. In fact, I am more concerned about is how to put this in the short term has improved rapidly. Latitude D620 battery Latitude D820 battery

China Energy News: no / microcrystalline silicon thin-film solar cells of crystalline silicon solar cells as opposed to what are the benefits? A low conversion rate is the thin film solar cells a major shortcoming, Oerlikon is how to compensate for this it?

Hans Juergen: Firstly, non-/ microcrystalline silicon thin film solar cells on the ability to absorb visible light stronger than the crystalline silicon. The same power silicon thin film crystalline solar cells and solar cells over the year as a unit, has more power. Secondly, non-/ thin film microcrystalline silicon solar cell production is silicon prices have little impact, even without its limitations. Its materials are less expensive, lower costs of a large space can be large scale production and promotion. Thirdly, the polysilicon in the refining process necessary to complete the 1100-degree heat, the production process consumes large amounts of energy. Amorphous silicon cells produced in a 200 degrees is a low power technology solar energy. Energy recovery period is short in the production process of the small energy-per-watt of electricity a year and a half to two years back. Satellite A80 battery Satellite M100 battery

The photoelectric conversion efficiency of thin film batteries could be further improved, Oerlikon has laminated to connect micromorph process makes the efficiency of solar cells increased by 50% and improve the total power components, solar photovoltaic manufacturers to provide a key competitive advantage.

China Energy News: So, thin-film solar cells based on the many benefits and Oerlikon technology in thin-film efforts, can we determine the thin-film technology is the future trend of industry of solar energy?

Hans Jurgen: solar cells of crystalline silicon is still the market of solar energy, which represents an important, but because of the advantages of thin film cell solar and their photothermal conversion rates gradually increase, and its development and acquisition dominance in the market is inevitable, just a matter of time.

China Energy News: Your future development of Chinese solar market, what proposals? FRU 92P1141 40Y6799

Hans Juergen: At present, China is the largest solar energy in the world of cell-based manufacturing. But solar cell of China to a large extent dependent on exports. Now that solar panels from China, but also sold to Germany and the United States long-distance market, the large amount of Chinese-made batteries, has also aroused resentment in some countries. China has a huge potential market for the consumer of solar cells, resources, sunny work, low prices, GDP grew faster than the state system, adapted to promote the development of solar energy, industry, these are all Chinese maintain and develop the benefits of the solar market. However, the market for solar energy in the early development of greatly influenced by government policies. The economic development of China, will lead to market development of solar energy in China, but the government should also be introduced as soon as possible grid solar power plant construction and access standards, should also be introduced, such that the price of photovoltaic electricity production and fiscal policies to promote. In order to grow in the domestic solar market.

As the development of solar energy market, the independent innovation of China in the field of solar energy capacity will be strengthened. Once the solar photovoltaic power to ignore the extent of the market of solar energy, policy guidance, staff training, technological innovation and other issues will be resolved. Of course, the development of smart grids, solar power plants for the production of solar and roof are integrated into the power grid is also the key to market development of solar energy. The rapid growth of China’s electricity demand, solar power to sell the channels is smooth and can affect many initiatives of the parties. hp Pavilion DV1000 battery  hp Pavilion dv4000 battery

I am grateful that we have chosen a new energy industry, the current global village, the traditional sources of energy has been gradually ozone. Sony VGP-BPS9/S Sony VGP-BPS9A The oil will be in 50 years time, disappear completely, natural gas, the coal industry will gradually diminish, global consumption has led to further global warming and environmental degradation, which is unfair to our future generations, they shall provide, as our predecessors paid the bill!

Since the advent of lithium-ion battery has been around it for research, development work has been continuously engaged in the last century, the late 90s has developed a lithium-polymer battery, 2002, introduced after the lithium iron phosphate.

Mainly by the internal lithium-ion battery cathode, anode, electrolyte and membrane composition. Positive and negative electrodes and electrolyte materials, and discusses the differences in batteries of different properties have different and have different names. Currently on the market for lithium-material ion battery cathode is mainly of lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2), plus a few used lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4) and nickel oxide lithium (LiNiO2 ) as cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries, generally after the two types of positive outcomes materials, lithium-ion battery known as Battery Lithium “manganese” and “nickel-lithium.” The new Iron Battery Lithium Power phosphate is lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) cathode material for lithium-ion batteries, lithium-ion battery is a new family member. Latitude D620 battery Latitude D820 battery

Overall electrolyte lithium-ion battery is a liquid, but later developed a solid electrolyte and polymer gel, describes this type of lithium-ion battery for lithium polymer batteries, its performance is better than lithium liquid electrolyte -ion battery.

Full name of the lithium-iron phosphate should be lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion battery, this name is too long, designated lithium iron phosphate. Because of its properties, particularly suitable for power applications, then the name of “power” should be, ie, lithium iron phosphate battery power. Some call it “Lithium Iron (Life) battery.”

LiFePO4 cathode material used to make sense of

Currently used as cathode material for lithium-ion batteries are mainly: LiCoO2, LiMn2O4, LiNiO2 and LiFePO4. The material composition of the battery cathode metal elements, cobalt (Co) the most expensive, and limited storage capacity, nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn) are cheaper, and iron (Fe ) the cheapest. Cathode material prices and prices of these metals in Online Courses. Therefore, using LiFePO4 cathode materials for lithium-ion battery should be made of the cheapest. Another characteristic of the environment, it is pollution. Satellite M45 battery Satellite M50 battery

As a rechargeable battery requirements are: high capacity, high power, responsible for good performance-cycle of discharge, stable output voltage at high current load and emergence, stability and electrochemical performance, the use of security (will not overcharge, over discharge and short circuit caused by the malfunction of fire or explosion), the operating range of temperature, non-toxic or less toxic pollution environment. LiFePO4 as cathode using iron lithium phosphate in these performance requirements are good, especially in the large rejection rate of discharge (5 ~ 10C discharge) the discharge voltage is stable, security (no burning, no explosion), life on the number (cycles), pollution of the environment, it is the best, and is currently the best high current battery power supply.

The structure of LiFePO4 battery and operating principle

Internal structure of LiFePO4 battery shown in Figure 1. The left is the structure of olivine LiFePO4 as a battery anode from the cathode sheet and connected to the middle of a polymer membrane that separates the positive and negative, but the lithium ion Li + by through e-mail can not be on the right is carbon (graphite) to form a battery anode copper foil and the negative terminal of the battery connection. Between the upper and lower ends of the  F4812A HSTNN-lB31 battery electrolyte battery, battery enclosed by a metal housing.

LiFePO4 battery charging, the cathode in lithium-ion Li + migration through the polymer membrane to the cathode in the discharge process, the negative electrode in lithium-ion Li + migration through the membrane to the cathode. Lithium-ion battery Lithium-ion is a charge and discharge because of back and forth when you move and appointed.

Performance of LiFePO4 batteries

Battery voltage nominal LiFePO4 is 3.2V, the termination of the charging voltage is 3.6V, the termination of the discharge voltage is 2.0V. Because each manufacturer uses the material of positive and negative electrode, the electrolyte materials, quality and different processes, their performance will be some differences. For example, the same model (the same package, standard battery), the battery capacity are very different (10% ~ 20%).

Lithium iron phosphate power performance of the main battery shown in Table 1. For further comparison and the rechargeable battery, also listed in the table, the performance of other types of rechargeable batteries. Here, it should be noted that the plant iron phosphate lithium various performance parameters of a battery in all there will be some differences; In addition, there are few performances of the battery are not included, as the stack internal resistance, self-discharge rate, charge and discharge temperature. Aspire 3000 battery LCBTP03003

The capacity of lithium iron phosphate is very different, may be divided into three categories: small, few to several milliamperes 0:00, tens of milliamps of medium to large scale of several hundred milliamps. Different types of batteries there are differences between the same parameters. Here, again describes a common application of a wider package of standard parameters small cylindrical lithium iron phosphate battery power. His profile external dimensions: 18mm diameter, 650mm high (model 18650), its performance parameters, as presented in Table 2.

Typical discharge characteristics and life

A model of iron STL18650 energy of lithium phosphate battery (1100mAh capacity) rate of discharge of various flow characteristics in Figure 2. The minimum rate of 0.5 ° C, the maximum discharge rate of 10C, five different rates of rejection of the constitution of a group of discharge curves. As shown in Figure 2, no matter what type of flow and discharge voltage of the course is very flat (ie, the discharge voltage stable, essentially unchanged), and only near the end of the voltage discharge curve was bending down (800mAh discharge reached only after a downward turn). In the range 0.5 ~ 10C discharge rate, the output voltage is in the range 2.7 ~ 3.2V. This shows that the battery discharge characteristics well.

Figure 2 STL18650 flow characteristics of KD186 NF343

Capacity 1000mAh of STL18650 at different temperatures (-20 ℃ ~ 40) of the discharge curve in Figure 3. If at 23 ℃ when the discharge capacity of 100%, while the discharge capacity at 0 ℃ reduced to 78%, while in -20 ℃, when reduced to 65% at 40 ℃ and discharge flow capacity at just over 100%.

Figure 3 STL18650 in multi-temperature conditions of the discharge curves

STL18650 the prosecution and the curve of the life cycle of the discharge of figure 4. Its charge-discharge cycle conditions are: 1C rate charge fees, to 2C rate discharge after 570 charge discharge cycles. Characteristic curve of Figure 4 can be seen, after 570 charge discharge cycles, its discharge capacity remained unchanged, indicating that the battery has a long lifetime.

Figure 4 STL18650 charge and discharge cycle life curves

Over-discharge to zero voltage test

Use STL18650 (1100mAh) battery discharge lithium iron phosphate zero high voltage tests done. Test conditions: The 0.5C charge rate will 1100mAh battery is full of STL18650 and then use the 1.0C discharge rate of discharge to the battery voltage is 0C. 0V then put the battery divided into two groups: group storage of 7 days, another group of storage 30 days, deposited with the 0.5C charge rate after the expiration of full employment, and 1.0C discharge. Finally the comparison of the two zero voltage should be kept different from the difference. Vostro 1720 battery Vostro 2510 battery

The test results, the zero-battery voltage 7 days with no leakage, good performance, capacity is 100% retained 30 days, no leaks, good performance, capacity, 98% not retained 30 days after three times the battery cycle discharge capacity returned to 100%.

This experiment shows that the battery, even if there has been discharged (or even at 0V), and period of storage time, the battery does not leak, damage. These other types of lithium-ion batteries have the features.

Characteristics of lithium iron phosphate

With this introduction, the characteristics of LiFePO4 battery can be summarized as follows.

1 high output performance: discharge standard for 2 ~ 5C, continuous discharge high current capacity of up to 10C, the discharge pulse instantaneous (10S) of up to 20C;

2 at high temperatures with good performance: external temperature of 65 ℃, when the temperature is as high as 95 ℃, the purpose of discharging the battery temperature to 160 ℃, the structural safety of the battery good condition;

3 Injury even if the internal battery or external battery is not burning, no explosion, security, the better;

4 excellent life cycles, after 500 cycles, its discharge capacity is still above 95%;

5 excessive discharges to zero volts and no damage; PA3396U-1ACA PA3467U-1ACA

6 load faster;

7 low cost;

8 pairs of environmental pollution.

Lithium iron phosphate power applications

As the lithium iron phosphate with the above characteristics, and produce a variety of different sizes of batteries, and soon to be widely used. There are major areas of application are:

A big electric vehicles: buses, electric cars, tour buses and hybrid vehicles and other attractions;

Two light electric vehicle: electric bikes, golf carts, small cars dead battery, forklifts, electric vehicle cleaning wheelchairs, etc.;

3 Power Tools: electric drills, electric saws, lawn mowers, etc.;

4 cars remote control, boats, planes, toys;

5 solar equipment and wind energy storage;

6 UPS and emergency lights, warning lights and a miner’s lamp (safety above);

7 one-camera replacement 3V lithium battery time and 9V Ni-Cd or Ni-MH rechargeable batteries (same size);

8 small medical equipment and portable instruments.

To provide a lithium iron phosphate can cause the battery replacement battery acid sample application. Using 36V/10Ah (360Wh) lead acid batteries, weight 12kg, load a battery can run about 50 km, number of charge cycles is approximately 100 times, the use of time is approximately 1 year. If using the Power Battery Lithium iron phosphate, using the same energy 360Wh (12 10Ah batteries in series), it weighs about 4 kg, charging time can run 80 km or more, number of cycles Load up to 1000 times the service life of up to 3 to 5 years. Although the lithium iron phosphate more expensive than lead-acid batteries is much higher, but the overall economic effects, or the use of lithium iron phosphate power better, and the use of more lighter and better.

On a small scale lithium iron phosphate battery power IBM ThinkPad R32 battery  IBM ThinkPad R50 battery

On a small scale lithium iron phosphate power battery is a standard, there are cylindrical and rectangular. Such that the cylindrical model are 18,650.26650 and so on. Type the first two are in diameter, after two or three very (in mm), or 18,650 of the diameter size of 18, a height of 65. Rectangular models 103450R, 183665R, etc.. The first two is the thickness of the stack, the middle two are the width of the battery, the latter two is the length of pile (mm unit). Factory battery in the model are often preceded by three letters to the Factory standard, as the model of the × × × 18,650

In the rechargeable battery (battery or batteries chemical physics) the use of process, the charger is an important device to use its success, so was born a rechargeable Sony VGP-BPS2B Sony VGP-BPS2C battery, charger is a key issue because the charger will have a direct impact on the battery The two major technical indicators: 1) the capacity of rechargeable batteries, 2) recycling of rechargeable batteries once, that’s life. Until the sixties, however, before the technology of the shipper and the rapid development has not been widely used in the method is mainly driven by constant current or constant loading method, loading effects are not too good. This state of affairs to the point of sale of the sixties based on a minimum rate of the rechargeable battery in the curves of principles acceptable to the size of the load current decreased exponentially with time according to this rule only after confirmation n is not a voltage constant current or constant load are the most appropriate method. Because the load current constant, its initial charge current is always lower than the acceptability of the battery, resulting in low efficiency of charging, charge a long time, and charging the latter part of the Final battery charging current is always higher than the acceptable level, the internal gas deposit rate of the battery and thereby increasing the load to the end, while the supply current load of gas, all the precipitation, the battery Internal voltage increased rapidly, the battery temperature rose quickly followed, resulting in each active electrode supported on both fall and greatly reduces battery life, while the constant voltage charging method of load resulting in a very low initial resistance of the load current of the battery is too great, but time does not decrease exponentially (often depart from the curve of development). XPS M170 battery XPS M1710 battery

Research Laboratory under the load curves, but also by the so-called two times, three or more load time. The so-called two stage battery charging: the first current to constant voltage or constant load when the battery voltage reaches a certain level and then trickle charge the battery: the so-called three-step is usually the first line constant at the battery is to let the battery voltage after reaching this threshold in the second phase, the voltage is called the maximum load stage, when the load current to a low degree of transformation a third phase. The tax known limitation of pressure. In addition, because the need for a practical application, often also want to quickly charge the battery. Assign the quick charger battery charge There are two important factors: First, the bias voltage: 2 is the memory effect, in which the bias voltage is in the charging process, the accumulated charge at the electrodes cells require voltage generated, only obvious pairs increase the internal resistance of the battery on the effective way to eliminate its negative pulse method is used at both ends of the instantaneous flow from the battery to remove the accumulation of charge on the electrodes. And thus produces a pulse charging method: all batteries have a memory effect, you can repeatedly charge and discharge can be removed. These two effects should be attention charge controller design.

In fact, the controller is responsible to take leaps and bounds in recent years, developing a clear sign that most manufacturers of semiconductors in the world are shipping own charger chip, and in some cases also with CPU (ie CPU). Satellite M45 battery Satellite M50 battery

In summary, although there are a variety of pricing methods, but also have some effect, but has largely neglected an important fact that rechargeable batteries do not work in the ideal state, each cell has its own personality. Rather each has its own rechargeable batteries are different from other dry or even the battery charge and discharge the same curve, the curve even in the process of dynamic load as complete, which means that a good model for load control must be a change, and should be in charge of the battery and the discharge curve is the best. Indeed, each cell of the load at any time there is always an optimum charge current and charge mode, the question is how we can approach the halo of good value. Here are some good intelligent adaptive control methods for rapid control of the idea of charging electric Qin points.

1. Methods of control of the whole:

Use positive and negative (including the pulse O) pulses as the battery charge and control the discharge waveforms, including positive pulses to the pulse load, negative pulse to pulse discharge inter-dependent O pulse and pulse discharge between the charge and discharge the resting stage. In fact, the above three types of impulse control later in the process of speech may have a duration of Bears O, for example, pulse O negative pulse and the time period too, the overall control of the simulation waveform of pressure limiting charge mode: while the specific combination of pulse shapes can also simulate the constant current charging and so on. In short, in adjusting the waveform to simulate almost all waveforms and load mode; Latitude D830 battery Y9943

2. Acquisition information:

In this method, the information collected includes: positive pulse during the charging current size and time change: negative pulse during the discharge current and its variation with time: the battery temperature and its variation with Over time, the battery voltage and its variation over time. This information is used for the study and control of documents first-hand, through their analysis to estimate the strength of the internal battery and calculate the cell in which it stands, etc.;

3. Is full of judgment rule:

On the charge if the battery is charging process has been full of judgments is an important indicator of the charger if the battery is not full of wrongfully convicted for the entire result in less battery charge, which in turn cause Battery overload, both conditions are right on the battery life has a significant impact.

Taken together, the judge rules in the following categories:

● control timing;

● control voltage (voltage with a maximum increment of negative voltage and zero-voltage increment, etc.);

●Temperature Control (including maximum temperature, maximum temperature: rate of temperature change, etc.); A1045 PowerBook G4 15 battery

● current control.

A better approach is to adopt an integrated approach to determine, for each indicator to monitor in accordance with the principles of fuzzy mathematics score, respectively, in accordance with the degree of trust to make the best decisions.

The characteristics of this method are described below:

1. Charging technology can dynamically adjust the parameters for adjusting the value of the pulse charging, the battery charge curve and the curve of the current battery charge and discharge the same, because the curve is changed, if pulse load is constantly changing and adjusting;

2. To end the pricing strategy possible under the circumstances, under the principle of fuzzy math, chargers specific characteristics of stability and reliability, so that the load is not judicial error, which improves considerably the reliability of the shipper?

3. This technology does not require the type of battery, which means that this technology can be simultaneously charging lead, cadmium, nickel, zinc, silver, nickel-metal hydride or lithium, and the perceived effects are not due the cell type vary; ThinkPad T43 battery ThinkPad T60 battery

4. In addition, this technology also has the current requirements of the battery, as long as the battery does not short-circuit or open circuit may be normal for recharging the battery, so this technology can also reduce burden on Battery performance of recovery or healing function;

5. Because the law of adaptive control of the battery without injury, and more on the 4 points above, this technology extends battery life.

Actual civil Ni-MH battery charging method, because, taking into account the cost, portability, reliability requirements, most of them still use sub-Constant current charge mode control.

Major polysilicon solar cells in the world of commodities, even if China became the world’s largest producer of solar cells, but a long period of polycrystalline silicon heavily dependent on high cost imported from abroad, manufacturers of household solar cells to earn only modest processing fee. Sony VGP-BPS2 Sony VGP-BPS2A

Recent years, with LDK Solar, Sichuan Xinguang a number of companies such as the introduction of foreign technology, have launched the polysilicon, self-sufficient rate of raw material polysilicon China has been improved. However, as technology and process control is not yet in place, costs of production of polysilicon in China of high energy consumption and has become the solar photovoltaic industry in China in the development of ‘a “flawed”, appears stronger step by step to maintain the polycrystalline silicon industry in China, facing the “destruction” of the dangerous.

Single-energy plant in Nanchang equals 1 / 4

In the current domestic production of polycrystalline silicon business to come from behind K LD LDK PV Silicon Technology Co., Ltd in the production of polycrystalline silicon, investment called “big ticket” items, the information already made public view, 1 .5 million tons of nominal capacity is currently the largest single plant capacity. Inspiron 1720 battery Inspiron 1721 battery

This major project is located in Xinyu City, Jiangxi Province, Jinan International Development and Science based photovoltaic technology, covers an area of 1.162 million square meters, annual production of 3,000 tonnes of five electronic online production of quality polysilicon comprising the popular use of international news “improved Siemens Law” producing polycrystalline silicon materials. Project in September 2007 began the construction of the second half of the production process in 2009.

The production of polycrystalline silicon with high energy consumption, including most of the power consumption. According to Jiangxi Provincial Environmental Protection Bureau Savi produce 15,000 tons of polysilicon project approved, the project is put into production, annual consumption of diesel is about 209,000 tons, the annual two months of 3.2 billion kWh of electricity, only the consumption power plant is equivalent to the total electricity consumption in Nanchang 1 / 4 ’s, does not plant the living energy, the production of consumption total energy per kilogram of polysilicon to 213 kWh. A1175 MacBook Pro 15 inch battery

Energy giant as a number of SMEs in the production of polycrystalline silicon on the higher energy consumption. Shijiazhuang Dongming Silicon Technology Co., Ltd. in December last year, the production company of polysilicon, the annual production of 200 tonnes. According to the office of the society, said Zhang Xin, director of the investment firm is a company of leather, mainly to see the industry make money, they buy a company of Luoyang, Henan province Siemens France improved technology, began in July last year, day and night to catch up with advances in less than half of production. Currently, companies producing polysilicon 18 tons per month, the electricity consumption of 3.5 million yuan to 0.5 yuan per kilowatt per month, 7 million kWh of consumption, production and energy consumption per kilogram of polysilicon to 389 kWh.

All energy recovery two to three years

Such high energy consumption, make the development of this industry should be limited to even prohibit development? In fact, the same high energy-consuming industries and China’s iron and steel, electrolytic aluminum, has compared the two industries, the production of polycrystalline silicon for the energy consumption per unit output value is lower than steel and aluminum. Satellite A80 battery Satellite M100 battery

CPPCC member and president of Nanchang University School of weeks photovoltaic Lang has been specifically measured, despite the production of energy consumption per ton of polysilicon as steel and aluminum, but much higher than the price of polysilicon per tonne of steel and electrolytic aluminum, even if the price of polysilicon from a peak of U.S. $ 400 per kilogram has fallen to its current level of about $ 70 U.S., consumption energy per unit of polysilicon output value is always less than steel and aluminum.

From polycrystalline silicon for solar photovoltaic modules produce electricity, the power consumption of the whole process, according to control Suntech Power Co., Ltd., and Professor Zhou Lang has calculated that the average light conditions in our region, the installation of one megawatt solar power system V, the annual production of approximately 120 million kilowatt hours, and 1 watt of silicon solar cell integrated power system production facility 3 kwh under the terms of megawatts of solar photovoltaic power generation system was installed to produce three million kwh, only 2.5 years can be recovered balance its own power. As each level of the difference in energy companies, domestic solar polycrystalline silicon photovoltaic power generation system, the average payback period for installation of energy between two to three years. With low energy consumption, the payback period will be further reduced. ThinkPad R50 battery ThinkPad R51 battery

Currently, domestic production of solar modules around the life of 25 years, as calculated to produce the solar component in achieving the production of recovered energy, almost need to consume more electricity can power about 22 years, and there are no emissions. In fact, even 25 years later, the efficiency of solar module production there about 25 years to 80% may still be used for a long period of time. ZHOU Lang said: “Our country has the will of the international community in 2020 emissions of carbon dioxide per unit of GDP in 2005 dropped by 40% compared to -45%, non-accounts of the fossil energy for the proportion of primary energy consumption has reached about 15%. Among these, after the wind electricity from nuclear power after the general development of the production of photovoltaic solar energy will open at spring development. ”

Saving Imperative

Although the view recovery cycle, production of polycrystalline silicon solar cell module of electricity consumed can be recovered in 2023. However, China’s production of polycrystalline silicon consumption per unit of energy is much higher than the world advanced level, which is also our polysilicon production costs are much higher than the world advanced level, once the world’s highest level for the seven main groups of price reductions abroad collective, our existing production of polysilicon companies will face huge losses, the industry polysilicon China, there will be danger of destruction. F4812A HSTNN-lB31

Zhou Lang explained that at present abroad, seven manufacturers of major producers of polysilicon overall consumption of energy per kilogram of polysilicon -150 kWh 120 kWh between the two, and our average level of business manufacture of polysilicon over 200 kWh, and many small factories and even the level of more than 300 billion kwh. Production costs of polysilicon, the energy is precisely the most important, China’s production status of polysilicon high energy consumption, resulting in production of polycrystalline silicon internal costs are much higher than in the world advanced level.

Photoelectric Technology Co., Ltd. Sun, general manager of Jiangxi Peng said, at present, the international market price of U.S. $ 60 on the polysilicon -70 U.S. dollars, local businesses to produce a pound of silicon cost polycrystalline -50 U.S. $ 40 dollars more in between, overseas and seven major polysilicon cost of manufacturing firms U.S. $ 20 -30 dollars. Once the seven major groups of overseas prices lower collective enterprises producing polycrystalline silicon in China will face bankruptcy. Aspire 3000 battery LCBTP03003

In addition, the polysilicon industry, are capital-intensive industries, a huge investment, higher rates of corporate assets and liabilities. For LDK Solar LDK Solar Co., Ltd. silicon technology projects a yearly production of 15,000 tonnes of polysilicon, for example, total investment of over 10.0 billion euros, with investment of just over 100 million yuan in environmental protection. From the journalist who interviewed a number of companies photovoltaic comprehensive estimates of the polycrystalline silicon industry assets-liabilities ratio averaged over 60%, once a bankrupt company, the banks will bear the losses enormous loan.

For the high energy of the polycrystalline silicon industry in China, the industry there is a crisis of the status quo, Zhou Long, Peng professionals in these proposals, the state should take measures to encourage businesses, research institutes, such as the production of polysilicon and reduce the consumption of a joint scientific research and encourage enterprises from sales revenue to extract a greater proportion of R & D spending, set production and reducing consumption of technical and technological improvements. 402018-001 371790-001