digital batteries

1, the discharge fever

Discharge Causes of fever are: discharge too quickly, it may be the battery capacity is low, the time of discharge current over 0.5c. Inspiron 1720 battery Inspiron 1721 battery

1) If the rated motor voltage is low, a smaller battery capacity, operating current is too large, the tension will be considerably reduced, the ability to quickly consumed the most negative on the battery.

2) The battery is only capable of maintaining the speed of electrochemical reaction of trafficking often do the full cycle of charging and discharging will not neglect super long. Wind faced uphill, great power, which requires a strong reaction to the plates of the battery, heat reservoir of top battery, damage the battery life shortened.

3) Ideally, the rate of reaction is the electrochemical battery provides enough power fully. The casing of the battery is not unusual heat, indicating the battery capacity is sufficient. MacBook Pro 15 inch battery A1078

2, load fever

The process of fever, the reasons for possible failure: one, their own problems, battery, battery aging, resistance becomes greater, the dry electrolyte, internal short circuits caused heat. With the increase in the number of batteries, which discharge and charge the battery in the progressive loss of water molecules, that is, we speak the gassing of the battery, water loss, causing the battery in the reaction electrochemical in heat, another is a solution of the battery in the process of charge-discharge formation of the crystallization of sulfuric acid, precipitation viscous in the stereotype, which leads to the battery and increases the thermal resistance, these two types of problems can be done by adding water to sulfur and other technical means to most to be treated. If the battery is due to sprint off the battery cell lead to fever, it would be better to replace with new batteries. Sony VGP-BPS2B Sony VGP-BPS2C

2) The problem of the shipper, in general, there is no charger function pulse, and no elimination of negative pulse-polarization, shippers can not normally be the last part of the constant pressure load, while causing the battery voltage exceeds the permissible value, leading to a large number of gas analysis of the battery, dehydration and fever. Ordinary chargers on the market today, but Yimei constant power load or the internal resistance of the battery and so detection may not be timely detected, and can not be a burden in the adjustment or load can not provide the best programs, these are the loading process of causing the battery to heat reasons. For the normal charger, can be artificially controlled temperature (which is an electric car factory given program). Method is: the beginning of the measurement increases, timely disconnect the power to stop the load, temperature and polarization which is its own end, but the reduction and elimination of polarization will take time. When the temperature is reduced, and then continued to charge after stop filling, and so on until full. But it’s a bit too disturbed a little, how a product regular charger battery, charging time, even for a small 12AH rechargeable batteries also need 8 hours or more, users of electric vehicles may not be sufficient electricity consumption for 8 hours to measure periodically the temperature of the battery, unplug the power supply connected to the power of these movements! Therefore, this method is not desirable. Tecra A6 battery Tecra A7 battery

Thus, in order to fundamentally solve the problems caused by the battery charger because of fever, then we need the correct selection of chargers, battery chargers process is a process of electrochemical reaction in this process, if the battery it appears the situation is within the normal range of trace fever fever, should the heating anomalies in the battery case of good performance belong to the charger reasons.

Choosing Chargers do? Firstly, the charger for charging pulse, the pulse charging method of charging as follows: cost – stop – rechargeable – stop … … This is so that the battery capacity to a greater acceptance of the electrochemical reaction, while stopping the filling process it beneficial for battery exaggerated calm.

Secondly, the selection of the best chargers have the function of negative pulse can recharge the GD761 KD476 battery at the same time playing a certain amount of maintenance to the end, both positive and negative charger or regular charger pulse, they pay problem of process control is re – in a heavy feeder the same positive and negative pulses, if the load control inaccurate, it would also damage the battery chargers for being on the market are essentially continuous exercise of power, constant voltage, three-charger, pulse charger, the recently introduced a new concept of technology load control, this charger is based on many aspects of technology, we call the control technology is not too fuzzy, ranging from general discussion, it was here, we’ll use less formal language to introduce, to bring before that, let us a look at three-charger, the so-called triple? Is a constant current, constant voltage, constant power charge mode, it recharges the battery when the corresponding functions have a certain degree of rationality, but it ultimately can not control the loading process of drums in heat in the production of this phenomenon, because it’s loading process is in three stages in a conventional manner, knows the performance of the battery right on the market vary, a general model of charging a group of performance parameters perfectly match the language of the drums, the same as the load is the best way, but for another group the difference in performance of battery, then the effect will be totally different, the battery charge a slight fever, rechargeable batteries or rechargeable battery exploded when the battery is possible! So how can you match each set of rechargeable batteries are the best model? As the microcontroller used in a battery charger, the problem will be solved gradually, at any time in the sense resistor voltage PA3399U-2BAS PA3399U-1BRS battery, and so on, timely select the corresponding tax, non-stationary process loading, which is our praise for this new The basic principle of the control technology of charge!

3.3 Battery Diagnosis Fuzzy Expert System used by the rules

We are experts on the battery fault diagnostic rules of the VGP-BPS9A VGP-BPS10 battery, battery diagnostics and maintenance of an analysis of data collected on expert systems. And then verified by experiment to make compromises and many more [2]. With lithium-ion, for example, the rules of the system are:

(1) The discharge voltage drop fast, low voltage, the charging voltage up fast, high voltage, capacity, smaller battery;

(2) put aside for when the voltage drop from the battery terminal fast voltage long-term investment is low, then the self-discharge is too large;

(3) Freeing the administration of the battery voltage drops rapidly, the average voltage and low voltage of 1 volt or two, there are battery cell damage;

(4) The battery open circuit voltage is very low, could not take charge, the battery is damaged or the connection is not normal; Inspiron 630m battery Inspiron 640m battery

(5) The charging voltage of the discharge at high voltage is low, then the only internal resistance of the battery is too high;

(6) The charging voltage is high, the internal battery in open circuit;

(7) Since the beginning of the discharge of the battery, its voltage was slightly lower than other cells, their performance platform for the discharge to the normal battery in May to the charge is insufficient;

(8), the battery in the discharge process, a section of battery temperature greater than any single other battery temperature only 3 ℃ above the battery internal resistance is too great.

3.4 The content of data and creation of historical archives

In this study, lithium iron phosphate, for example, stored in the historical archives of data are:

(1) Battery Plant of data (such as date of manufacture, nominal capacity, the open circuit voltage, etc.); Satellite M55 battery Tecra A3 battery

(2) the total number of hours security;

(3), overload and discharge when the maximum voltage, current, temperature records;

(4) The last 10 cycle charge-discharge charge cycles belonging to the highest voltage of the frequency and voltage discharge cycles belonging to the lowest number of sessions;

(5) Last 10 cycles of temperature data movements within the taxation and pricing efficiency;

(6) The last 10 cycles, when a small current to the load voltage difference;

(7) Since the time interval of discharge;

(8) The last time health diagnosis (SOH) results.

In the system executes the first time in the history file is initialized. The principle is to initialize the exception of certain basic parameters are known, other parts are best. In the further course of the operation, the system automatically and battery-related events recorded in the history files to edit. If the battery replaced a single battery down, in turn, should have just replaced the battery in the historical archives to initialize. The use of historical archives of the total number of hours of security, the total number of cycles of charge-discharge, over charge, over discharge, and charge less than the impact of battery life and health the long-term memory and make use of the cumulative approach, for other performance characteristics of historical data Refresh method is applied on a regular basis. Inspiron 1100 battery Inspiron 1150 battery

Historical Archives of the concrete realization of the program are: the use of long-term memory in the system EEPROM chip to store historical data, while in the system, plus a clock circuit and a pile of historical data provide information in time.

3.5 Failure process of defining and

The system uses four definitions fault alarm, respectively, a failure of the temperature, because high-temperature, single failure at high voltage, 234 non-temperature, pressure failure, the lack of high temperature, single failure in high voltage monomer voltage is too low failure.

When the power system, data acquisition of the battery into the battery loading process and unloading intervals monomer recycling collection cell voltage, temperature and other information. When the failure to record failures and calibration number monomer. When the number of calibration to a single failure of a certain amount of cumulative number of times when the 75UYF G5266 battery performance is called the rule base pairs evaluated at the same time will assess the results recorded in history the file.

4 Experimental results and analysis

In this study, lithium-ion battery packs used in the module to the battery pack for electric vehicles using lithium iron phosphate Pack, autonomous system module consists of 12 single of 30Ah batteries in series. Battery modules are equipped with management module battery data acquisition module via the CAN bus will collect data for transmission. After CAN232 interface converter, using data from the CAN data frame in a PC format, can be identified through the RS232 interface is passed to the host computer to display the human-machine interface .

Figure 4 is a group of battery charge and actual discharge cycles carried out a number of data collected. Because of differences between the monomer battery, 7 single-ended voltage and the other major difference between the monomer, there were two failures and one low pressure alarm voltage fault. 367759-001 F2024A

5 Conclusion

(1) Analysis of battery and change the batteries in the external features of the data link between failures, combined with experience and expert knowledge of the battery, summed up the battery to the common rules of diagnosis failures.

(2) has developed a battery platform data acquisition system, including the underlying hardware, data acquisition, data communications, procedures of the host computer interface for the preparation of human interaction machine. The new data collection procedures and communication between the system battery management more secure, reliable, and not the management system of the battery to control the number of types of conversion and change of PA-16 9T215 batteries.

(3) to build the battery fault diagnosis fuzzy expert system. To find used to describe the external symptoms of battery failure and battery to build a bridge between the fuzzy relationship. At the same time as the experiments continue, continue to refine the diagnostic system of experts for lack of early warning to protect more reliable.

As a relatively small number of the current experiment, such as dynamic characteristics of the battery and the fault could not be verified, the system of fault diagnosis can not be verified. With the continuous deepening of experience, information battery fault will also be gradually accumulated, a rule base and inference engine will also continue to be corrected. F1781A PA1650

1 Introduction

With the continuous development of the national economy, energy, electricity, transport, telecommunications, environmental protection and other areas of modern requirements are increasing. As a VGP-BPS8 VGP-BPS8A battery backup power system are widely used for all does not turn off system power, the battery is a power systems needed backup. In addition, the battery system in various sectors more widely applied. Battery operating condition is normal, a direct impact on applications in a variety of equipment, normal, safe and reliable operation. In particular, the site unmanned center and e-commerce, bank back-up battery becomes particularly important.

After testing and optimizing the battery in a battery bank each monomer differences still exist between performance, these differences in the long process of the battery due to small differences in environment (such as temperature difference) in varying degrees to generate new ones. After a long-term performance of individual batteries have decreased significantly, seriously affect the performance of the battery, or may even cause accidents, and requires early diagnosis of worsening performance on a single cell and the early failure. In addition, degradation of individual cell performance and reduce the failure of the battery SOC (state of charge) value, because the poor performance of battery power only determines the state of battery charge. A battery is normally provided by a number of single cell or Dell GD761 Dell KD476 battery modules in series, the performance of the battery back in May only because of early termination of the discharge of the battery as a whole. And must therefore be equipped with battery failure diagnostic expert system. With the diagnostic system to achieve the battery failures and risks of early warning, so it may actually increase the battery pack electric car, driving range and smooth working hours to minimize maintenance expenses, thereby ensuring reliable operation of electric vehicles are capable.

Electric vehicles in whole or in part of the battery energy storage. Constrained the electric vehicle technology development and industrialization of electric vehicles as a major problem is the cell energy storage and application. Drums in the use of an important issue is the difference between different cells, there are inconsistencies, and early detection of inconsistencies and shortcomings of the battery has become crucial technical problems. Need to develop a battery system for early fault diagnosis. With the diagnosis system experts, we can make early diagnosis of unhealthy cells, but also for the model of the remaining capacity of the estimate can be more precise, this can prolong battery life and further reduce costs of the battery and increase the range of electric drive vehicle to improve the reliability of disks. The system and technological research has the theoretical value and the promotion of electric vehicles, industrial importance. Dell Studio 1537 battery Dell Studio 1555 battery

2 Diagnostic expert system for development of the status quo at home and abroad

According to the International Electrotechnical Society (CIS) in 1995, developed standards management system battery and vehicle electrical system battery management must have a battery of diagnostic functions, including cells of patients and provide early warning information on battery aging. During these 10 years, large foreign companies conduct a vigorous research studies, and in its operation using the management system of the battery by adding a certain amount of diagnostics of the battery. A company representative, and Mentzer Electronic GmbH in Germany, led by Werner Retzlaff designed BADICOaCH system; U. S. Aerovironmevt developed SmartGuard System (Long – Battery Life Using Smart Modular Control System).

(1) BADICOaCH System

BADICOaCH system BADICHEQ system improvements, it has a battery of diagnostic functions: a recent 24 cycles charge-discharge to store detailed data and allow judgments for and against the battery when the battery quickly find basic information and errors are used; hp Pavilion dv6 battery F3172A

(2) SmartGuard System

SmartGuard system has a battery of diagnostic functions related primarily to provide reverse polarity alarms and history to discharge the battery and archives.

Internal battery fault diagnosis also some research, as Chunlan Research Institute, Tsinghua University, but most of the research is still in its infancy.

In this paper, the study battery fault diagnosis is to find fault with the parameters of the cell performance of the stack to one or the relationship between N, a real-time monitoring, comparing the same battery various parameters between changes in cell and to consider other factors to make a complete diagnosis. After years of study, concluded with a pre-feasibility study of algorithms and experience in the electric car sports car for the diagnosis of the battery. His thinking is the same every single battery charge and discharge the battery at the same current, the majority representation in each single cell was similar, but there are some inconsistencies in the performance of the battery. With an integrated consideration of different cells during this time, the offset voltage and average PA3285U-1BRS  PA3285U-2BRS battery voltage different during this period can be estimated by changing the battery performance is good or bad. Low voltage and single cell offset voltage variation is relatively small, good battery performance. Because there is no failure has been the performance of a battery charging voltage increase of discharge voltage slow fall slowly.

3 Error Diagnosis Expert System

3.1 System Expert

An expert system is a system of procedures for a variety of skills. It can provide knowledge in a particular motivation to simulate the human expert in a field of decision-making process of resolution of individuals who need experts to solve complex problems.

Mainly by the basic system of expert knowledge, inference engine, workspace storage, access to knowledge and interpretation of interface, subsystem of five components. Among them, the knowledge and inference engine is the core of expert systems. Knowledge is mainly used for storage provided by experts in the field of expertise, including the fact that libraries and basic rules. The function of the inference engine is based on a certain degree of reasoning strategies, select the essential knowledge base of knowledge about the user provided by the evidence argument, until the draw appropriate conclusions [1]. A1021 M7332

In addition, some expert system knowledge acquisition has also an automatic function. On the one hand, outside the Q & A with experts to gain knowledge on the other hand the system can be run continuously summarize their experience and gain knowledge from within.

3.2 Design

Is being developed for electric vehicles using lithium iron phosphate operating principle and its application in electric vehicles use an in-depth understanding and analysis of the experience of diagnostic cells of the battery in the use of ‘experts to summarize the battery of diagnostic rules. At the same time knowledge of fuzzy mathematics, first proposed affordable and practical fault diagnosis model of battery.

Fault diagnosis model under the battery on the battery using state data needs, developing data acquisition system battery and the host computer corresponding human-machine interface. Then, in accordance with the structure of expert system to build the system battery fault diagnosis. Include: Vostro 1400 battery Vostro 1510 battery

The creation of a global database

2 for a stack of Archives database

3 Establishment of the basic rule

4 The development of the Scheduler module reasoning

5 Develop modules of human computer interaction, computer program.

Finally, system troubleshooting battery for electric vehicle batteries used in diagnostic tests, VGP-BPS9 VGP-BPS9A/B battery of diagnostic tests of model parameters to make adjustments, and refining. Overall design of the structure shown in Figure 1.

“Each year there are 100 million cell spent all that recycling is a big problem.” Head Days can be dynamic relationships with investors Zhi-Kun Wang batteries for electric bikes is deeply concerned about environmental issues XPS M1530 battery XPS M1730 battery

Although electric bikes can achieve zero emission, but it is the “heart” – lead-acid recycling system battery is not perfect, the environment has been severely affected.

Recovery process confusing

Wang Zhi-kun told CBN reporter that current holdings of China for electric cars around 68 million, the annual growth rate of 20 million, it is estimated that in 2010 the total electric vehicles almost 90 million euros. Each vehicle equipped with 12 kg to 16 kg of batteries, the battery is only a year or two, which country will produce 1.08 million tonnes per year to 144 million tons of waste lead-acid.

Electric car is not only environmentally friendly, energy saving, but also a natural price advantage. Shanghai Xinzha recommendation of a sales person with electric cars the CBN said: “Every day, you pay only 1 dollar charge fee, will be able to manufacture electric cars walked 50 kilometers, spending on vehicle fuel is three – four times.” XPS M2010 battery Studio 1536 battery

However, such a lead content of more than 50% of battery lead-acid by the state as “hazardous wastes”, sales of electric cars, maintenance, retail uses “in recovery” way to recovery .

“Currently, the Shanghai region is about 2.5 million electric cars, recycled 2 million tons, but most recycling companies are small businesses do.” Operating in the manufacture of color wheel Shanghai lead second merger (hereinafter “flywheels Plant”) is responsible for Feng Guxiu man told reporters that these small retailers to waste batteries sold in Shandong, Jiangsu and Anhui, lead smelters in order to reap the profits.

Another central inertia technical director said CBN journalist engaged in lead-acid battery waste collection, disposal, etc. of the company should have qualifications, small merchants, not the regular lead smelter has certainly not. PB992A PB994A

“In addition, a number of vendors selling process to reduce the transport weight of sulfuric acid directly down into urban and rural occupy a highly polluted environment.

In addition to the work of recovery is not in place, the decomposition of waste batteries internal to the fusion process is not standardized, seriously affecting the environment. Scrap lead batteries, PVC housing, waste acids, etc., must all crushing, sorting. Flywheel Plant has purchased more than 10 million yuan of equipment to implement this step.

Decomposition of merger non-standard

Weak technical capacity of small foundries because of limited financial resources, using the artificial decomposition of lead and other contaminants can easily leak.

Smelting areas, the steam plant is regularly and want to lead dust, secondary smelting, but also contains large amounts of lead in the mud if buried, we would like to landfill a ton of fees landfill waste to pay 2300 yuan. “Flywheel Plant technical director who said, “And started a small foundry of the night, will not do more to address issues of direct external, producing a large number of harmful gases and residues.” Tecra A6 battery Tecra A7 battery

Wang Zhi-kun said that due to annual growth rate of electric cars soon, the Company realized that the battery recycling is an important issue, day in office in June this year, has invested 200 million yuan building a particular type of recycling plant battery should be completed in 2012, will be capable of recycling 150,000 tons of batteries.

Shanghai Industry climbing, company deputy general manager Shi Tao Hydrogen Energy, said that in Europe there is a requirement, manufacturers of batteries and electric vehicles have a responsibility to focus on recovery, if the price European Lead-acid electric bicycle up to 400 euros to 1,000 euros, more than 2 to 4 times more expensive in China, “selling 1 dollar battery, companies must pay 2 yuan for the cost of environmental management.”

The Chinese government has also to do more to reduce waste batteries and various environmental challenges.

In 2007, the Development and Reform Commission issued the “lead and zinc industry access, to further enhance the access threshold to prevent blind investment and construction of low-level redundancy, the State Environmental Protection Department has also directed the preparation of the series’ Waste and disposal of contaminated by lead-acid battery specification control technology (draft) “and” Lead-acid, spent standard battery recycling industry of cleaner production (project), the recycling of scrap batteries, and treatment of each session have strict requirements. IBM ThinkPad T41 battery  IBM ThinkPad T42 battery

Shi Tao, said hazardous waste – recycling of lead-acid batteries in theory, should be a “closed loop” system, which is the cycle of the battery line is sellers – buyers – sellers (or according to qualifications plant secondary lead) the future parties to a greater effort must be made.

Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Research Fellow and doctoral tutor Huang Xue-Jie forecasts and estimated market for lithium-ion batteries will be a gold mine: In 2020, the China power market vehicle battery reaches hundreds billion yuan, market size battery energy storage should be even greater. Inspiron 1501 battery Inspiron 6400 battery

Foreign known for its market research has published a research report noted that while the coming years, world oil prices still hovers in the high state in 2010, cars sold in the U.S. market within 5% — 6% will be hybrid vehicles. Have a bolder prediction says that in 2015 all from the vehicle market to 80% of the market will be dominated by hybrid vehicles. In addition, although currently only 10 vehicle models beginning, but the well-known automotive forecasting agency J. PPOW said that by 2011 there will be at least 35 models of hybrid electric vehicles available to consumers. Since 1997, the first production vehicle to Toyota’s Prius the world’s first hybrid electric vehicle, the company in 1999 Honda introduced the Civic, the European and American companies have been relatively slow step. The advantage of the initiative to make Toyota take the lead at the end of 2005, the Prius sells has accumulated over 45 million vehicles, Toyota, and therefore the market share of the overall hybrid cars nearly 90%. Inspiron E1505 battery Latitude 131L battery

In addition to energy saving fuel economy, environmental benefits of hybrid cars is to make another big advantage. Hybrid vehicles in braking, acceleration, deceleration, we can save a lot of fuel, while reducing urban emissions. Development of electric vehicles, which require high reliability and low cost of batteries, before a round is not the level of battery power, high cost, reliability is poor, manufacturers of electric vehicles do not want to use, battery manufacturers can not sell, not the possible expansion of production scale and the adoption of mass production to improve stability and reliability of product, price Battery remain high, but also not to mention product reliability and stability. And Japan has a mature market, electric vehicles compared to previous years, China is the driving force of the industry is facing a very difficult. But even the Chinese market for electric bicycles in the lithium-ion battery development industry has brought unexpected opportunity. “Each year, more than 20 million units of electric bicycles sold in the industry of electric vehicle is a huge boost.” Huang Xue-Jie said, “there are more people to electric bicycle, the battery on the support of industry, an increase in product demand, production and technology became more sophisticated, the magnitude of More and more industrial, stability and reliability will be greatly improved, the cost will come down very quickly.”Huang Xue-Jie joked:” China’s four-wheel Electric cars to two-wheeled electric bike carry the past. Path of Japan’s development of electric vehicles have a strong technology base and market support, and we can count on the market two wheels to move to four wheels with the standard PC764 Y9943 battery.

1 may be supported by the fact that, with mass production of battery electric bike, Suzhou Constant Star Power Co., Ltd. High-power stability of the HEV lithium-ion has gradually improved in 2006, when They are equipped with satellite Constant 15-Year Li-Ion battery fuel cell hybrid electric cars, “beyond the 3″ held in Paris in France Race Challenge Bibendum in the seven projects have received 4A2B assessment outstanding achievement at the end of term last year model has been more than 20,000 miles.

Vehicle Power Lithium-ion battery industrialization is a long process, after 11 years of development, China became the second to the Japanese small-scale lithium-ion producing country in the coming years, the small industry of battery scale Japan will transfer over to China, automotive lithium-ion battery development and other high-end products, not only the development of automotive electrical needs of China, will also bring China Lithium ion industry upgrade complete technology. Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Office, Xue-Jie Huang look to the future with confidence: “Hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles will be the future of the ordinary. It is anticipated that by 2020, over 50% of cars will be hybrids or electric cars. ” Vostro 1000 battery Inspiron 510m battery

The last two years, Constant Star annual research on automotive battery and development investments in more than 2000 million euros. “Our electric vehicles, including hybrid electric vehicles in coming years should have a rapid development of breakthrough technology related to electric hybrid vehicles in China in preparation for maximum power Lithium-ion support is indeed a happy people do.”Wong Hok-Chieh. Based on solar, wind, geothermal, ocean energy from these renewable energy power plants need energy from the battery energy storage to achieve a stable production at the same time , peak energy widely distributed electric vehicles and emergency power supply is also an urgent need for long battery life, based on economic development and the use of guests to examine the storage capacity of ‘Energy monomer battery usually more than 100 Ah, manganese oxide lithium can not satisfy such a large battery of safety requirements, “15″ and the “eleventh five” year period, the regime 863 on the energy storage of key materials for lithium-ion research and development in the layout, Physics, HUANG Xue-Jie-group research conducted since 2001 that the absorption of other new types of cathode material lithium iron phosphate for the study of 863 subjects developed a high conductivity of oxygen vacancies of lithium iron phosphate. Lithium iron phosphate cathode materials such as thermal stability, high phosphate and lithium de-embedding process of integration of a small volume change of the basic cycle of longer life battery. “Eleventh five Year period HUANG Xue-Hong Jie Li and his colleagues have been conducted by researchers assume a new type of cathode material and nano-systems phosphate anode material.”expected by 2010, China’s lithium-ion battery storage equipment enter into industrial production, we have to do to produce a generation of develop a generation of a goal for the near future reserve generation can do. “Wong Hok-Chieh. Inspiron 600m battery Latitude D500 battery