digital batteries

Fuel Cells conditioning device of the power structure of

Device packaging cell fuel power circuit, mainly by the DC converter (DC / DC Converter) with AC converter (DC / AC Converter) asked. According to information collected by the author, a common structure as shown in Table 4, the direct exchange of a conversion level of about 85% of commodities are used full bridge, mainly in the converter full-bridge and high performance technology is mature, if different structure of the Electricity Regulatory biggest difference is that the DC level. F2024B F4486B F4809A According to DC-level circuit architecture used by the electricity regulator could be divided into three categories, namely, step-ups, push-pull and full bridge, followed by three types of regulator the power of this conduct in detail .

Table 5 is a common approach in place the regulatory framework of power, this framework is the converter low voltage pulse and then through the output to single or three phase systems, this architecture-level DC part of the former use of active components The bridge, anti-Chi-style push-pull even less, and active components used in pressure is also low in this way can reduce the number of active components and costs, also the use of soft-switching technology, not only to reduce switching losses to improve efficiency, but also may reduce the overall EMI.

Table 6 is a push-pull common architecture power regulator, this architecture is to use the continuous part of the push-pull structure, it uses the number of components of the architecture of the circuit as the full bridge, even less, but the disadvantage is that the use of the active component of pressure values greater if the cost is not necessarily less. F4812A HSTNN-lB31 PB991A

Table 7 for the common architecture full bridge power modulator, which focuses on the full bridge circuit for its architecture, its advantages in the use of components of the pressure will grow to urge the style and the CIS for the type of half This can reduce the cost of a single active component, and the low risk group, and the use of soft switching approach can reduce the active component of switching losses and EMI, and can improve the overall effectiveness, but its drawback is that you must use the meta – number of pieces are, so the relative cost would be higher, but it will increase system stability.

These three types of advantages and disadvantages of the power controller shown in Figure 8, the next will be better for the performance of the circuit in which architecture studied further. PB992A PB994A PP2182D

Full-Bridge power regulator independent operation [19], the circuit shown in Figure 9, the power converter circuit architecture for one full stage DC converter with a bridge in a single stage switching full bridge converter composed of 6 full transition phase-shift-type Anti-converter, the power regulator is used in fuel cells and solid oxide fuel cells, this type of fuel cell suitable for medium and large scale unit power. Using the phase transition signals can be achieved because of the relationship between the soft switch, making the active component will reduce the switching losses and improve the efficiency of the open pressure on the active components its system, pressure-type anti-Chi-type and IEC standard for half of [23], making the cost reduction in circuit operation, energy conversion and transfer by the leakage inductance can reduce peak side of the transformer primary current. In the converter section, the use of six active components of the amplitude of the use of four active components of the current amplitude is low due to the current amplitude is low, making the size of filter Output devices are also relatively active use of four smaller still. PP2182L HSTNN-LB31

High-frequency modulator full power bridge [21], the circuit shown in Figure 10, this architecture of power converter circuit for the isolated full-bridge converter with active harmonic filters, high frequency full bridge converter Although the number of devices used in converters than any other, but it is the transformer turns even smaller than the half-bridge converter using soft switching technology has reached the current is zero when switching to reduce switching losses effectiveness, in Part converter loop output signal is divided into two one-way 60Hz sinewave, the section’s active harmonic filter, mainly to eliminate the 120Hz harmonic input.

Full bridge, power regulator, and tap the 48V battery to proton exchange membrane fuel for the seizure by the super capacitor energy storage, the circuit of Figure 11, the DC-level architecture, isolated full-bridge phase shift, and then the system converter, however, much more complete switch bridge, but its pressure for the other half of the converter, and method of phase shift can be used to switch the voltage is zero when the switch for this can reduce switching losses, making the system more economical (low voltage MOSFET) with high efficiency. VGP-BPL9 VGP-BPS5 VGP-BPS13A/B

In the communication part, the use of non-isolated half bridge system, which has a lower grade values of voltage components and costs may be lower, and systematic analysis, he needs more than one single count systems, components and the need to increase the capacitance value, but it may reduce the value output inductor and reduce the possibility of the channel wave input current, and because of reduced voltage capacitor to reduce the risk in the super capacitor section, the value of capacity is high, but its a very small ESR can be stored in the input current wave of chain transition. VGP-BPS13B/B VGP-BPS8B

Complete full-bridge rectifier-type electrically operated independently and Power Regulator “22.” Under the DC of the multi-component, the number of full-bridge converter with four switch synchronous rectification, the use of soft-switching technology, turning the switch voltage is zero, the current zero intercept, lower switching losses and EMI, and the circuit of synchronous rectification reduces conduction losses, obtained from the above analysis, the continuous part can reduce switching losses and loss of conduction in order to improve efficiency and reduce electromagnetic interference. In Part exchange half non-isolated bridge system of the three groups, and the use of soft switching technique to reduce EMI and improve efficiency. Inspiron 710m battery Inspiron 8500 battery

This paper describes several of the more common circuit power regulator, through the above discussion can be found in the DC conversion components, most regulators have used the bridge system wide, even if the number of active components and cost than other systems is even higher, but the active components and the use of low-voltage phase shift and PWM control signal, allowing active components to zero voltage switching or zero current and therefore may reduce the active component of switching losses and reduce EMI in further improving efficiency. In addition, direct-conversion section of class, most are using the full bridge circuit architecture, the main factors to consider efficiency and stability. In addition, certain documents to further reduce the input string being vague and the use of architecture Interlevel. Inspiron 8600 battery Inspiron 9200 battery

Conclusion

A wide range of applications of fuel cells as small as 3C products ranging from residential use of the power system, but different types of fuel cells are also more suitable for applications where different proton-exchange model is more appropriate in motor vehicles and automobile above, methanol-style 3C are more applicable to products of microelectronics, micro fuel cells is currently the main plant has strongly developed in places and I think that in the near future, the demand for fuel cells will be more and more.

In arrangements of fuel cell power conditioning, because of the need to examine the characteristics of the battery itself, in the conception of power that the design of general rules is more difficult, although there are Many suppliers to invest, but performance is still much work to be improved, if the local producers and manufacturers of fuel cells, to cooperate in the future are limitless. Inspiron 9300 battery Inspiron 9400 battery

Preface

Since the industrial revolution, because of rapid advances in science and technology, coupled with global economic development and social progress on the human demand for energy increasing, causing the Earth is it’s limited fossil energy resources significantly reduced, and therefore the future if no new and alternative energy of fossil fuels, then there will be a crisis of human survival. hp Pavilion dv2000 battery  hp Pavilion dv6000 battery

Oil, for example, it is more representative of the fossil fuel, due to manufacturing today in the production of many products require the use of oil, so the storage capacity of oil is rapidly reduced. According to the International Atomic Energy predicts will happen in about fifty years after the crisis in the supply of fossil fuels, so that humanity must now actively seek new sources of alternative energy. In addition, oil production, transportation and use of the process of developing problems, cause global warming, causing the tip of north and south poles melting and volatile pairs of the human body does not apply no other issues.

On the other hand, due to warming global temperatures and climate anomalies of the change are a threat to human survival in the long term, so that the international community to resolve this problem, the setting of a convention Framework on Climate Change, and Kyoto Protocol to regulate greenhouse gases emissions, and asked the government to develop energy policy and pricing to reduce fossil energy, waste and will develop new energy sources [1], we consider all factors, the development of clean energy sources is imperative. hp Pavilion DV1000 battery  hp Pavilion dv4000 battery

In all the clean energy fuel cell is one of the greatest potential for development [1] [2], because it has the following advantages:

1. Low-Pollution

Measuring the use of fuel cells, hydrogen and air as oxidizer and fuel, the resulting problems as water and heat than conventional power means less carbon dioxide and Questions sulfur.

2. High Performance

Fuel cells directly convert the chemical energy in fuels into electrical energy and the energy of conventional ways, in theory, a very efficient conversion. hp OmniBook XE3 battery  hp Pavilion dv8000 battery

3. Whisper

Generation fuel cell itself is in the production of electricity without moving parts on the other. Therefore, in a whisper.

4. Multi-purpose

Fuel cells provide electricity broad range of mobile phones as the major facilities smaller watts of power such as 1 million, both in scope.

5. To avoid charging

General battery is the energy stored in the battery itself, abandoned or out of office after continuous use. The energy of the fuel cell from chemical fuels to provide energy, it does not contain the stack itself, as long as the constant supply of fuel, fuel cells can produce electricity continuously. hp Pavilion dv4 battery  hp Pavilion dv6 battery

6. Fuel variety of sources

While the fossil containing hydrogen atoms, such as alcohol, coal, oil, natural gas, methanol … … and so on, through a converter could be used as feedstock for fuel cells.

This will be used for the regulator of fuel cell power to conduct a thorough discussion and comparison.

Introduction of fuel cells

Fuel cells is the chemical energy of fuel into electrical energy by electrochemical reaction apparatus. The history of development of fuel cells, the earliest dating back to 1839, forty years after Ford’s invention of the battery is determined by Sir William Robert Grove (Sir William Grove) of the invention, the system is using dilute sulfuric acid as the electrolyte liquid, the successful production of electricity, invented the fuel cell. In 1899, Sterling Energy, the Director General noted that the behavior of the conductivity of the solid electrolyte. However, the first ceramic-based fuel cell is another 1937, the Bauer model with the Portuguese Secretary for the first success. F3172A PB995A 338794-001

Fuel cell has three main components: the cathode, respectively, the film and the anode shown in Figure 1, Figure 2 shows the entities plans fuel cells. The hydrogen at the anodic oxidation reaction, the oxidation reaction of hydrogen ions into hydrogen. Isolation of the cathode and anode film. Reduction reaction of oxygen carried to the cathode, and then move from the anode the hydrogen ions combine also produce water.

After more than a hundred years of development, fuel cells can be classified according to their type of electrolyte fuel cell proton exchange membrane (E xchange Proton Membrane Fuel Cell, PEMFC), alkaline fuel cell (Alkaline Fuel Cell, AFC), the fuel cell phosphoric acid (acid Phosphoriv Fuel Cell, PAFC) cell with molten carbonate fuel (Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell, MCFC), solid oxide fuel cells (Solid Oxide Fuel Cell SOFC, compare their characteristics see Table 1. 361742-001 371785-001 417066-001

There are many applications of fuel cell currently available for sale, such as the Asia-Pacific Fuel Cell and Yamaha motorcycles and other companies launched the bike fuel cell. In addition, Toyota, Nissan, Lai Mute Chrysler with General Motors and other companies have changed their cars to fuel cell launch.

In the 3C products, it is now also Casio, Sony, Hitachi, Panasonic, Siemens, Toshiba and other companies are also active in R & D-style portable direct methanol micro fuel cells, Figure 6 and Figure 7 for the launch of Toshiba’s direct methanol-type fuel cell phones and audio players.

The development status of fuel cell power conditioning device Inspiron 5160 battery Inspiron 6000 battery

Voltage fuel cell output of a DC motor with load changes, and its output characteristics shown in Figure 8 and therefore unable to meet the needs of the majority of electric charge, it must be by through the power regulator to convert the power used in accordance with the type of load. The regulator of fuel cells designed to need to pay particular attention to changes in the range of fuel cell voltage, transient response, efficiency, and the current string of waves and other factors according to the relevant literature [13] observed that the current wave of the chain of life of the fuel cell have a greater impact if the design of general recommendations, the channel current wave factor is best for a period less than 4%.

Let this be the next focus on the game of fuel cell type of inverter power regulator for product analysis and comparison with the circuit architecture. Set-type fuel cell device power conditioning can be divided into two types of patterns [14], a model for independent operation (stand-alone), two for the shunt electricity (grid) . The so-called independent type of operation is determined by the power systems of fuel cells directly available for a given load is not connected to electricity, running, so this mode, depending on the cell fuel itself, the output characteristics and load demand, generally require a group of cells lose support when the failure to provide temporary charge when power fuel cell required, with a battery to provide, while the mains power grid shunt may be considered as equipment for distributed power generation. In addition, some manufacturers have also developed two forms to both the power regulator. Inspiron 630m battery Inspiron 6400 battery

The current international companies have already engaged in the development of fuel control cells, as the global community of national companies, foreign Axane IdaTech, Ballard Nexa Magnete and other manufacturers Plugpower, leaving the product of several tens to several hundreds of watts kilowatts have related products, see Tables 2 and 3.

Table 3 for products of fuel cell Power Conditioner, from Table 3, we can see, in addition to Magnetek PCS-3 system to produce the power output up to 300 kW of Other products are under 5KW total harmonic distortion (THD) are in compliance with IEEE519 standard, applicable to certain aspects of types of fuel cells are all run in the shape of the proton exchange membrane. Inspiron 640m battery Inspiron 700m battery

Battery System Architecture

Over the years, nickel-cadmium batteries and newer technology Ni-MH battery has been the dominant market position. Li-ion is that in recent years, only enter the market. However, by virtue of its prominent superior performance, its market shares rapidly. Li-ion storage capacity incredible, but the tension of the individual cell and current are too weak and insufficient to meet the needs of hybrid engines. To increase the current take up several batteries in parallel to obtain a higher voltage, then take up several batteries in series. ThinkPad R32 battery ThinkPad R40 battery

Manufacturers of batteries are generally similar to the “3P 50S” short for words to describe the layout of the stack, 3P 50S “on behalf of three cells in parallel and 50 batteries in series.

Because there are several cells in series, the modular structure is an ideal choice for battery management. Eg up to 12 batteries in series to form 3P 12S array to a battery unit (block). These charge the batteries of an electronic circuit with microprocessor management and balance. The output voltage of the battery block the serial number of the battery and the battery voltage of the decision. A single lithium battery voltage is generally between the range of 3.3 ~ 3.6 V when the output voltage between the battery pack between 30 ~ 45V. ThinkPad X60 battery FRU 92P1141 40Y6799

Hybrid electric vehicle drive around the need for 450V DC supply voltage. To compensate for the other charge state of battery voltage caused by differences in the battery and the motor drive unit connected between a DC / DC converters. The converter can also be limiting.

To enable DC / DC converters to achieve the best operating condition, the battery voltage must be maintained between 150 ~ 300V. To this end, should be 5 to 8 blocks in series with the battery.

The need for balance

When the voltage is beyond the permissible range, the lithium can be easily damaged. If the voltage exceeds the upper and lower limits (eg, Nanophosphate battery voltage of 3.6V lithium, respectively upper and lower limits, and 2V), the battery may be irreversible damage to, or at least increases the rate of ’self-discharge of the battery. A fairly wide range of loading condition, the output voltage can maintain stability, so that under normal circumstances, the possibility beyond the safe range is relatively low. However, the curve of the upper and lower near the safety limits of the area is very steep. As a precaution, carefully monitoring the voltage level is essential. Inspiron 1100 battery Inspiron 1150 battery

When the battery voltage is close to the threshold, you must immediately stop discharging or charging. Balance function of the circuit is to regulate the battery voltage corresponding to the store in a safe place. To achieve this end, when the battery is at a voltage of battery and other batteries are not at the same time, they must be transferred between the energy in the battery.

Load Balance

A balanced approach to the traditional passive

In the traditional system of management of battery, each cell through the switch are connected to a load resistor. Passive balancing circuit can be specified separately discharge the battery, but only in the charging mode, the battery voltage up to suppress the voltage rise. To limit consumption of energy, commonly used in a small current of 100mA, which may lead to take hours to complete the charge balance? Inspiron 1300 battery Inspiron 1318 battery

2 Balanced Active

The literature describes several initiatives in the charge balance method, these methods use the transfer of energy storage components. If using capacitors as storage device, you need a certain number of switching components will work with all capacitor energy storage battery connected. However, using magnetic fields to store energy more efficiently, this system is the core of the transformer circuit. Infineon project team Vogt Electronic Devices Co., Ltd. (Electronic Components GmbH VOGT) for developing a corresponding prototype, which can be used for:

The energy transfer between multiple cell battery voltage multiplexing, as a land-based voltage mode digital conversion enter in principle, the structure is to use flyback converter (flyback converter). The transformer with the magnetic field stored energy, there is a vacuum in the heart of improving the resistance to prevent the material of magnetic saturation. Inspiron 1420 battery Inspiron 5100 battery

There are two different windings of transformer:

Connected to the main winding and the battery

Sub-windings and the battery connected to

Transform model can be used to support a 12 batteries viable. The limiting factor is the number of possible connections. Transforming a prototype described in this article has 28 pins.

Optimos 3 switches in the MOSFETs in series, they have a very low strength, the resulting loss of conduction may be overlooked. Inspiron 5150 battery Inspiron 700m battery

Each cell block from 8-bit microcontrollers of Infineon XC886CLM control, the controller has a flash memory and 32 KB of data memory, two CAN interfaces support the use of common equipment, automotive Controller Area Network (CAN) bus protocol communication, reduces CPU load, hardware algorithm for multiplication and division unit (MDU) to improve the operating speed.

Balanced approach

The processor may be bi-directional usage, we can balance the situation by using two different methods. Firstly, one by a control circuit to detect the battery voltage, calculates the average, and then find the voltage and the average deviation of the larger battery. If the battery voltage is below average, while the use of limit equilibrium (bottom-balancing) method: if more than the average voltage, then use the equilibrium limit (Top-balancing) method. Inspiron 8500 battery Inspiron 8600 battery

A minimum balance of

Figure 3 shows the need for a balanced approach in lower case in which the battery No. 2 was identified as the lowest battery voltage, the extra power.

Closed the main winding switch, the battery power to the processor. Then disconnect the main switch of liquidation, closure of the corresponding sub-winding switch (in this case, the switch 2nd second winding) transformer transfers energy stored in the battery designated.

Each cycle consists of 2 active pulse and an interval of. In this case, the period of 40ms, corresponding to a frequency of 25kHz. Transformer operating frequency should be higher than 20 kHz, to prevent the transformer core soft magnetic noise. acer TravelMate 280 battery acer TravelMate 290 battery

In the state of battery charge to reach the threshold of the equilibrium method can extend the working hours of battery. As long as the battery out of power below the average outstanding balances, the vehicle may continue to run until the battery runs down the last.

2 Limit Equilibrium

If battery voltage is higher than other batteries, it is required to remove the excess energy from the battery, which charge mode is necessary. If there is no balance function, then the first meeting immediately after the cessation of the battery is full charged. Balance function so that the entire battery voltage is maintained at same level, thus avoiding the above situation from occurring. acer TravelMate 3000 battery acer TravelMate 4000 battery

Figure 4 shows examples of symmetric mode, energy flow up. Voltage detecting, confirming, on the 5th battery is the highest battery voltage of the battery. Closed 5th time winding switch, current flows from the battery 5 transformers. Since the effect of the inductor, the current increases linearly with time. Given the inductance transformer is fixed characteristics, the maximum power of decision when the switch was closed. From 5 to leave the battery power is stored in the magnetic field of the transformer. Disconnected 5 times the winding switch, closing the switch to wind, this time in generator mode transformer, the energy introduced into liquidation by large battery main battery.

Maximum mode balance between work and time and lower limits of the current balance is similar, but the work order and the current flows the opposite. acer TravelMate 4050 battery acer TravelMate 4060 battery

The balance of power

Based on Infineon’s E-Cart in the prototype configuration, with a balance point average 6 5A, more than 50 times higher than reactive approach, while the remaining 5 A of current in the whole cell block consumes only 2W. Therefore, this balanced approach, no need to take special measures for cooling, while improving the energy balance system.

Detection voltage

For each state of the battery charge management, each of the battery voltage must be measured. Since only 1 of the battery in the micro-controller, analog-digital conversion within the cell block can not be measured directly in the cell voltage further. One possible program is used the network differential amplifier, but it needs to maintain the voltage level of the entire cell block. acer Travelmate 630 battery acer TravelMate 800 battery

The following is a just add a small amount of equipment to detect any method of battery voltage. The transformer’s primary role is to pay the balance, but we can also use it as a multiplexer. In detection mode voltage, the flyback transformer model is not used. When the switches S1 to SN when someone in a locked, the battery connected to a voltage transformer was transmitted to all the windings. After a simple pre-filter discrete signals detection are input to input pin microcontroller ADC. acer TravelMate C300 battery

S1 SN in any of a switch is closed, the momentum generated by the detection of very short duration, real time may only be 4μs, if the energy stored in the transformer are not numerous. When the switch, the magnetic field energy stored in the main transistor fed back through the whole cell block, thus block the battery power is not affected. Again analyzed for the entire stack after the end of a scan cycle, the system returned to baseline.

Conclusion

Only by adopting the appropriate management system battery to fully utilize the advantages of lithium batteries. Taking the initiative load balance between system performance was significantly better than traditional passive methods. The creative use of a single processor, thereby reducing the cost of materials. Inspiron 1100 battery Inspiron 1150 battery