digital batteries

A revolutionary electric car battery technology development Inspiron 1100 battery Inspiron 1150 battery

Battery electric vehicle and system management is one of key technologies. In recent years, most companies have in the development of electric vehicles, embarrassed, especially because of lead-acid, nickel cadmium, nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH) and so on. Now, after more research and experiments, using a higher energy density lithium-ion battery to replace lead and nickel-metal hydride batteries used in automobiles has become a core technology that is light, the large energy storage, power, pollution, and no secondary pollution, long life, self discharge coefficient is small, wide temperature range of adaptation, is the electric bike, electric motorcycles, cars electric, heavy trucks, such as improving battery electric car. Drawback is more expensive, less safe. But now, the technology development of Lithium Manganese oxide, iron phosphate, lithium vanadium phosphate lithium and other new materials, greatly increased the safety of lithium-ion, and reduced costs. Inspiron 1300 battery Inspiron 1318 battery

Second, the industry of the lithium-ion dynamics

With the rapid reduction of costs and performance improved considerably, there are many car manufacturers began to use the lithium-ion batteries. The following table is the leading manufacturer of development of lithium-ion battery and a summary of production. As in October 2006 to date, the major countries of the world more than 20 deposits for the search for Lithium-ion development. As Fuji Heavy Industries and NEC to develop low-cost monomer (Cell) Manganese Lithium-ion (ie, lithium manganese batteries), high security, features low cost of living in the environment of the Automotive much as 12 years, 100,000 miles, clean vehicle life electric vehicles altogether. Inspiron 1420 battery Inspiron 5100 battery Can be quickly lithium-ion battery from Toshiba, and more small, high-capacity characteristics, the use of nano-particle technology may still homogenization, also adsorbed on an anode of lithium-ion, box within a minute to load at least 80% of its capacity, then full power for 6 minutes. U.S. major Johnson Control’s battery plant for electric vehicles demand characteristics of lithium-ion in September 2005 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin R & D locations in January 2006, another 50% funded jointly established with the French battery factory Johnson Controls-Saft Saft Advanced Power Solutions (JCS). JCS in August 2006 to proceed to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), headed by two years USABC (United States Advanced Battery Consortium) lithium-ion electric vehicle program development contract signed with the deposit to provide high power lithium-ion batteries.

Degussa AG / Enax 2005 6 months, Degussa, Germany and Japan were Enax 50% of all investment in China was established Degussa Enax (Anqiu) Power Lion Technology Inc., manufacturing and sales of electrodes of lithium- ion, the plant also produces lithium-ion electrode for electric vehicles, and supplies to China, Europe and the United States and Japan. Inspiron 5150 battery Inspiron 700m battery

Johnson Controls-Saft Advanced Power Solutions (JCS) JSC is a Johnson Controls and Saft in January 2006, the combined company, Saft in 1995 and began the development of lithium-ion battery electric vehicles, Johnson Controls, Milwaukee, Wisconsin set up factories to produce electricity designing cars lithium-ion battery, the United States in 2005 to provide testing of lithium-ion battery works depot.

NEC Lamilion Energy 2006 3 Yueh for electric vehicles manganese lithium-ion battery car 2700 W / kg (25 ℃, 10 sec, SVOC50%) with high yield performance, and achieve the equivalent of 10 years 150.000 km test distance running, the deposit was more than 20 R & D activities.

Sanyo Electric in March 2006, Japan Tokushima factory set to provide 1,000 lithium-ion batteries for vehicles Trial filing electrical production expected in 2007. A1280 A1281 A1245

Panasonic EV Energy 2005 10 Toyota Panasonic EV Energy’s contribution of 40% to 60%, were included subsidiary, is scheduled for 2008 can be installed in the Prius with an internal rechargeable battery capacity lithium-ion current practical implementation of performance evaluation and production validation.

GS Yuasa 2004 3 months to start selling electric vehicles and uninterruptible power lithium-ion batteries on E-EX25A (cellular) and EX25A-7 (module).

Hitachi Vehicle Energy Ltd.) Hitachi Vehicle Energy Company is in June 2004 from Shin-Kobe Electric 43.7%, 36.7%, Hitachi, Hitachi Macelli 19.6% composed of specialized production electric car battery Lithium-ion manganese. June 2005 to develop a miniature module with low cost lithium-ion battery monitoring of the test work (48cell), rechargeable lithium-ion battery with the new control system developed by 12.5% compared to the traditional costs, streamline the space of 10%. apple iBook G4 12-inch battery apple iBook G4 12-inch battery

Litcel (Japan) in 2006 with the development of electric drive vehicle B4 lithium-ion battery-40 Lithium-ion (packs), installed in the trials Mitsubishi Colt EV-empirical charge over a distance of 150 km endurance, 2010 years for the 240 km target.

The lithium-ion batteries in China’s research, there are a number of indicators on target USABC proposed in 2010 under the long-term goals, has been able to independently develop a dose of 50 to 80 kilograms, suitable for electric bicycles, motorcycles, gasoline hybrid vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, traveling at 80 kilometers from the small, light work for household use lithium-ion battery electric cars, and safe driving performance good enough . Since 1997, the Suzhou industrial experience as a national star of lithium ion constant of industrialization base project demonstration, the battery has been developed by UL and the European Union through the U.S. organizations independent of additional testing and certification of energy, and the first built in Suzhou power lines lithium-ion battery production and production testing smooth, mass production today. apple iBook G4 14-inch battery apple PowerBook G4 17-inch battery

Thirdly, the further development of battery technology must continue

Currently, lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles of the subjects the life of the battery mechanism (battery aging characteristics of high power, battery diagnosis of aging, the aging model of electrochemical cells, the life of the battery prediction method development) battery performance at low temperature (low performance characteristics of the temperature, the model of electrolyte low temperature, low temperature performance analog) to allow bias, the temperature difference , the gap load, diagnosis and reduce the cost of the battery (the choice of materials and the development of low cost manufacturing) and so on. Of long-term exploration and research has focused on two aspects in the system and materials.

On the one hand, the company announced the majority of electrical data of the vehicle battery testing laboratory, such as acceleration, charge time, continuing mileage, etc., also in the practical operation of the complex external environment, to continue to check its reliability, and production quality control of the lot. On the other hand, in China the production of lithium-ion batteries, lithium-ion battery separator material not necessary to have a substantive breakthrough, rely on more expensive imports, accounting for 30% of the cost of power from the battery. If this equipment to make a technology for producing large scale, can significantly reduce costs. apple MacBook 13-inch unibody battery apple MacBook 15-inch unibody battery

In addition, experts estimate that 90 years from the early 20th century the prosperous countries of EVs, although specific energy to the battery as it’s now a new type of battery to be small, but a variety of electric vehicles tested met the performance indicators, average user, is to meet. Was impossible to reach the main reason for the industrialization of electric vehicles is that battery life is too short. pure electric vehicle batteries used in the composition of the general, represents half the cost of new vehicles, if need be in the car to replace the battery in a few years of this group, this means that the use of high cost. Now, the car battery of second-generation electric energy has been greatly improved battery materials and battery production structure has also made great progress, but his life has not been a breakthrough. Even if the acceleration can not completely meet or exceed the highest level in fuel vehicles today, charging the battery and vehicle mileage fuel power more than a box of oil in Current mileage increase, the constraints of the life of the battery due to the high cost of marketing will use a bottleneck. apple MacBook Air 13-inch battery acer TravelMate C300 battery

3. Rocket

The United States and Russia are efforts underway to implement a new program that requires a power supply for large electric motors and space nuclear rocket combining applications. Modern GEO Satellite Orbit launches a program, whether used in fuel rocket motor solid or liquid fuel engines, cryogenic liquid hydrogen or liquid oxygen, the satellite component of the total weight of fuel and the system will busy. In a multiple satellite communication 2T, 1T, there was much more than the engine and fuel sites occupation Orbit. But if we change the chemical fuel rocket engine for the rocket engine power, which allows its onboard fuel storage system weight, so that the weight of the payload of the satellite in two triples. This growth will undoubtedly greatly increase the efficiency of the satellite. The shortcomings of these programs are low due to the thrust of rocket power, making the time to complete the task Orbit few days to 1-2 months. VGP-BPS8 VGP-BPS8A VGP-BPS9

4. Polar Expedition

Such as the Antarctic and remote areas of the Arctic, it is difficult to achieve, where weather stations and navigation in place buoys and other equipment, use of radioisotopes is also ideal for battery .

The use of radioisotopes in the land batteries, even if the weight of a large number did not matter. In the choice of fuel economy and can be fully taken into account other factors. Therefore, the use of radioisotope batteries in remote areas, can be used from -90 Strontium fuel. -90 Strontium radioactive wastes from nuclear plants to extract, it is very difficult to cope with the disposal of waste in a radionuclide. Therefore, the use of strontium -90 to generate electricity is a comprehensive utilization of waste. VGP-BPS9/B VGP-BPS9/S

News Strontium -90 β-ray, β-rays in the surrounding material can be converted into heat in the immediate future. However, at the same time, it emits radiation similar to X-ray sub. This secondary radiation is also very annoying, and should be 10 cm thick lead shielding to live. If you use the iron shield, nearly 20 cm thick Caixing. Therefore, this power unit is extremely heavy.

5. Deep Sea Power

In deepwater, the solar cell is useless, other chemicals such as fuel cells and battery life too short, they sent the most suitable nuclear batteries. For example, now have the battery nuclear listening devices submarines used to monitor the activities of enemy submarines. Working time, it can be up to 10 years, but can not see a long-term management and maintenance. They love the clever and courageous scout, 10 years, for example on the implementation of vigilance tasks in the water. VGP-BPS9A VGP-BPS9A/B

Some will be used as battery power nuclear power submarine cable relay, in this regard not only safe and reliable to work, they spend less cost, simple structure, can be trusted “players.”

June 2006, “New York Times reported that the Bush administration plans to produce over the next 30 years, 330 pounds of plutonium -238, which is the first time since the end of the Cold War. the project director, said most of these highly radioactive materials are used for a secret project. Experts estimate, based on past experience, they can be used to produce nuclear device detection equipment used in deep water nuclear reactors. PA3356U-3BRS PA3383U-1BRS

6. Pacemaker

Until now, many people have used the pacemaker battery nuclear. Nuclear batteries can also be applied to the artificial heart. Depending on the activities of the organization, a heart pumps 10-15 watts of electricity. Place to work long hours without sunlight, but also lightweight, reliable operation, this plant is that the spent nuclear fuel.

The nuclear propulsion system heart pump in one of its engines, which operate the pump start. There are several types of engine, the heat produced by radio-isotopes to drive. The fuel is plutonium -238.

Steam engines and Stirling engines to receive less than half of their heat into mechanical energy of the pump. The remaining hot, 15 to 20 watts, with the heat because of mechanical losses born, must be eliminated by the body in some way to go. Sent to the body surface is not possible. However, the organization already has a very sophisticated system of dumping waste heat inherent, that is, the circulatory system. Included in the blood of waste heat. Then, through the capillary in the body surface. Of course, the patient’s body temperature may increase slightly, but it’s better than no good heart. Therefore, the power of the heart pump, the last component is an internal heat exchanger, the heat transfer into the blood stream to do. PA3384U-1BRS PA3395U-1BRS

Ideally, according to the requirements of the energy source radioisotopes for the artificial heart, which should not suffer any exposure to radiation? In fact, it is not possible. However, the acceptable level of radiation may be as small as possible, the degree of safety, it will not counteract the artificial heart to extend the life of the results. Without doubt, these machines widely used in the process, will give birth to new and more complex issues. For example, people close to the nuclear-powered artificial heart to the person, if a small amount of radiation exposure would also be the problem. This type of application management device, it must also be considered.

We must also stress that the material plutonium -238 and now very rare and expensive. Due to limited supply of plutonium – 238, which may be nuclear-powered artificial heart successfully, and even today, can not save all need a new heart, tens of millions of patients. PA3399U-1BAS PA3399U-1BRS

Third, progress in the development of new isotope battery

1. Domestic

June 11, 2006, China’s first isotope of plutonium battery -238 was born in China Institute of Atomic Energy, Isotope Batteries successful development of our time filling the empty area of the study indicates that China has in the system Nuclear energy an important step on.

Instruments further development of China’s space exploration (including the mission “moon” start-up) and the exploration of deep space needs for the future of our spacecraft to provide a stable, Sustainable Energy has been on the agenda, as satellite equipment, the best source of battery power isotopes in the space as an important symbol of technological progress, prepared to handle a series of key technologies and isotopes of the battery independent research and production have become particularly important. Latitude E5400 battery Latitude E5500 battery

In 2004, the Institute of Atomic Energy isotopes assumed “100 -238 mW plutonium isotopes battery development” tasks to accomplish in two years, the overall design and a series of technology research related to the point sample. It is not yet mature technology experience can benefit a great number of research undertaken to explore the process of implementation, the research group is facing severe challenges. Isotopes and program of collaborative research to develop units carried by a large number of simulation experiments, tracer experiment, test, thermal and so on. The final analysis showed that the cell performance to fully meet the technical requirements, protection against radiation, detecting the indicators is in accordance with the requirements of national security. China’s first isotope of plutonium -238 batteries born.

China’s first isotope of plutonium -238 successful development of the battery is in the system of nuclear power in China a major breakthrough in the field, to continue to explore and develop the energy space has thrown solid foundation. Latitude E6400 battery Latitude E6500 battery

2. Overseas

May 2005, U.S. scientists have developed a new type of nuclear battery is the battery power even 10 times, and can be used continuously for more than a decade. According to the American “Life Science” magazine, the principle of nuclear-powered and solar panels to the principle of sunlight into electricity is similar to the nuclear pool of tritium (a radioactive isotope of hydrogen) and other gases radioactive decay will be published in the β-ray energy through the battery in the thermoelectric element transformed into electrical energy. As the gas decays, the rays fired in all directions, many have not been converted to disappear without trace, so after the battery is not a nuclear power such as solar cells of large. Engineers at the University of Rochester research team led by Philip Fourie Xie newly developed nuclear A1175 A1078 A1045 battery, it is unique in that the thermal conversion of silicon wafers. Them to transform their surface, many chopped 1 micron wide, 40 microns deep concave point, the response of such a three-dimensional environment has greatly strengthened the power generated by a single blow to the battery power has increased 10 times.

U. S. Department of Energy is investing in the development of isotope smaller, micro-batteries, this battery of isotopes for a few mm3 micro-electrical mechanical systems (MEMS) to provide power. The new principles of isotope battery technology with more volume, the battery has been proven by the same satellite isotope difference is the use of half-life shorter than plutonium polonium -210 -238, -210 polonium produced by decay heat from the thermocouple to generate electricity. Asus A32-F82 battery

With the deepening development of space and the use of human needs – the right kind of power, light weight, durability, low cost, space, reliable and secure energy. Isotope Batteries (also called nuclear batteries) to varying degrees, to meet these requirements, and even in some other areas of energy (solar cells, chemical batteries, fuel cells) can not be replaced. In view of future space activities in the growing energy demand, the battery will power the isotope space the most important choice. VGP-BPS8 VGP-BPS8A VGP-BPS9

First, the basic situation of isotope batteries

1. Work

Isotopes in the process of disintegration of constantly emit a beam of heat on this isotope called “radioactive.” Semiconductor transducers people by these rays into heat energy, it is a nuclear reactor. Isotope batteries with ordinary dry cells form similar were cylindrical. In the center of cylinder seals have a radioisotope source, the exterior is thermionic converter or sensor type thermocouple. Sensor radiation shielding for the outer layer, the outer layer of metal tube housing. VGP-BPS9/B VGP-BPS9/S

Nuclear isotopes in Russia, it is sealed with the fuel tube of isotopes, graphite tube placed in the wall of the graphite cylinder in close collaboration with the heat – to transform the electrical contacts of the family. Heat – transforming power group work exactly the same mechanism and the thermocouple, but the thermocouple emf generated is used to promote the secondary instrument or controller, the resulting voltage and current proportional to the temperature difference between converters. According to the different isotopes used, the converter generally adapted to the hot end temperature of 350 ~ 650 ℃ ℃, suitable cold 100 ℃ ~ 250 ℃. VGP-BPS9A VGP-BPS9A/B

2. Enjoy benefits

Isotopes in the natural breakdown of materials can emit far more energy than average, and a long decay time, as one gram of radium in the decay of the energy emitted by the burning wood of 1 gram in a large release of energy over 60 times, the decay time up to 1 million years. Therefore, nuclear energy big battery, small size, prolonged use.

The energy released in the size of the cavity, speed, free from the external environment of temperature, chemical reactions, pressure, electromagnetic field and other effects. Therefore, the interference is strong and reliable work. isotope battery with great adaptability and survivability in the harsh environment of the Moon Natural (daytime temperatures higher than 102 ℃, the temperature at night fell to less than 150 ℃, hot and cold cut), work isotope battery completely normal and stable. PA3285U-1BAS PA3285U-1BRS

3. The power to compare the different isotopes

In the supply of isotopes, the first use of isotope is polonium -210, its heat is 141W / g, its half-decay period of 4.5 months, the next version will be the start of heat 1 / 2. This cycle is clearly not meet the needs of long-duration space flights, the workers to use nuclear energy in a plutonium -238. Half-decay of plutonium -238 periods of 89 years. However, this isotope is more expensive fuel, the heat is 0.55W / g Less expensive than what they have -90 strontium isotopes, the half-decay period of 18 years, the heat is 0.93W / g But the dangers of -90 Sr radiation wider than the other. Plutonium isotopes used as a heat battery safer, because the decomposition of those isotopes in the framework of its luster as “α” particle is not difficult ‘γ “of rays. Take advantage of these isotopes to power, the general put their alloys, oxides or charcoal, tightly sealed in metal tubes in. PA3285U-2BAS PA3285U-2BRS

4. The comparison of isotopes and reactor feed

Nuclear power, there are two: one is the feeding of isotopes, the other is the reactor power. supply of isotopes is not usually the reason is the isotope always keep the heat if it is used to produce electricity, heat is converted into electrical energy, and therefore unnecessary to consider the wide area cooling. But when the satellite is still the launch tower, the outgoing state, the isotope should be placed in the power of pre-Now, however, satellite or without the use of nuclear energy may need a small amount of energy. This large amount of heat must be dissipated. If the power supply in many isotopes, cooling zone is also great, so have to limit its power. It should be noted that, for heat and water and the treatment of radioactive nuclear waste must comply with all provisions relating to the. Reactor power is the opposite, it is the orbit of the satellite after the launch, so no need to solve in the Earth’s heat, heat. However, the power supply of the reactor can be arbitrarily small, because the reactor critical volume limits. Since both have their advantages and disadvantages of nuclear energy, by which nuclear energy will depend on the power required and different conditions of use. PA3285U-3BRS PA3331U-1BAS

Secondly, the use of isotope batteries

isotope batteries for space and a special variety, harsh environmental conditions of high altitude, land, sea and underwater observatory, or an automatic stations to provide energy. The increasing expansion of human space activities, space power is linked to new requirements, batteries isotopes become an important tool for advancement of space technology. Isotope Batteries in the United States, Russia and other countries has been applied to the energy supply of the equipment.

1. Spaceship

July 21, 1969, the spacecraft Apollo 11 astronauts successfully by the moon. PA3331U-1BRS PA3356U-1BAS

In the spacecraft Apollo 11, the installation of the device with two radio-isotopes, the thermal power of 15 watts, with the fuel for plutonium -238. However, the mechanism of radioisotopes Apollo 11 satellites are available for the night in the month when the heating surface, which means it is only used to provide heat. Therefore, the device also known as ALRH (Apollo lunar IR heating) device, which means the moon with Apollo radioisotope heater.

One day, the moon is equal to 27 days on earth. Half of the night, the night about two weeks on Earth. The solar cells stop working completely in the dark period. At the same time, faced with months of return of the sun, the temperature dropped sharply several Baidu, appearance in the hot, cold world. To satellites seismic, magnetic field devices and other mechanical work must use to provide heat insulation. PA3356U-1BRS PA3356U-2BRS

For an exploration later in the launch of Apollo spacecraft on the lunar surface, installed devices radioisotopes to produce electricity. Is the SNAP-27A device. It used plutonium fuel is -238, the design of the electrical power output of 63.5 watts, the unit weighs 31 kg, lifetime of one year. Primarily used for the Apollo lunar surface exploration of a series of scientific experiments.

In the Apollo 12 spacecraft carrying the first time in radioisotope batteries – SNAP-27A device, his life is more than a year of consideration for the design, and can continuously supply more than 70 watts of power in full compliance with the requirements set design. As the experiment a success. Was launched in 1970, Apollo 14 and following a Biluo 15, 16, 17, and if the spaceship after another device installed on the SNAP-27A. Vostro 1700 battery RN873

2. Satellite

Isotope Batteries in satellites in Earth orbit (such as weather satellites, navigation satellites, communications satellites) are also a great potential application. Satellite is triggered, the Earth will fly very far space, the battery for radioisotopes are used for satellites. On the satellite to all parts of the department is extremely important to be light. Therefore, as fuel cells radioisotopes, require the use α-ray release of plutonium -238. Because α-rays in the surrounding material can be immediately converted into heat in. Do not require heavy shielding material.

In 60-70 years, both the former Soviet Union or the United States and other countries want to strengthen the efforts to explore the application of nuclear technology, the former Soviet Union and U.S. on the race of nuclear technology in space, they launched their nearly 30 nuclear-powered satellite, to crush each other in space. GW240 PC764 Y9943

Three years after the Apollo moon landing, the U.S. launched two satellites of Jupiter exploration – a pioneer in number, installed in the first four stacks of radioisotopes of 30 watts. That the two satellites of Mars pioneering next flight, and the groups through the asteroid belt, and then fly directly to Jupiter. For 1976, the spacecraft Mars Viking to the martian surface, nobody landed successfully in the satellite on board has placed two piles of radioisotopes of 35 watts.

U. S. Department of Energy is designing a radioisotope energy devices used for interstellar flight. Mars, the Sun has become very weak outside of the solar cell is insufficient. The unit can produce 100 watts of power, fuel, plutonium 238, plutonium was wrapped in ceramic balls, the appearance of a shell of graphite and iridium. GK479 FK890 GD761

High power satellites in low orbit, in particular the need for satellite capacity for Orbit maneuvers should use nuclear energy. If you need a power of 2kW satellites, the solar cell area chip is necessary to apply more than 20 square meters. The large wing surface of the satellite’s solar cells are not viable in a low orbit, wishing to keep track must be increased to maintain the system. While such a satellite would also perform the task order, maneuvering to do to lower the orbit, it will bring more difficulties. Therefore, in the high power, spacecraft in low orbit on the use of nuclear energy is reasonable. U4873 D5318

By now the energy satellite, mainly solar energy. However, satellites in space trip in every face the sun can not fly if there is no sun in the dark room or flight. Mars is already close to the intensity of solar radiation intensity of Earth’s orbit around 50%, if it continues to stay away from the Sun to Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto to detect where intensity of solar radiation will be greatly reduced even more. And to study Mars or Jupiter, the flight would have left the sun, the solar cells to lose the battle, which must rely on nuclear batteries to power. Some global temperatures as low as several hundred degrees Celsius below zero, see some sun, when, and solar cells unnecessary battery isotopes can show their skills. KD476 TD347 C1295