digital batteries

1 Foreword

Battery UPS systems are an important part of it directly related to the merits of the overall system reliability UPS. No matter how advanced design UPS function in place, once the battery fails, even the best UPS is unable to provide uninterrupted power. Do not use bad for freeloaders and lead acid batteries, it will affect the whole UPS system reliability, and therefore result in greater losses. toshiba PA3476U-1BRS toshiba PA3478U-1BRS

UPS battery is the average time to failure (MTBF) of the shortest part. If the use and proper maintenance can prolong its life, instead of its useful life will be shortened. Therefore, we must understand the basic principles of the battery and notice.

2 lead-acid batteries

Main types of batteries can be divided into lead-acid batteries, maintenance free batteries lead acid batteries and nickel-cadmium, taking into account the load conditions, the use of the environment, life and costs UPS generally chosen maintenance free VRLA batteries. Its main feature is the positive plate during charging of the oxygen produced by chemical reactions in the reduction of the negative plate in water, when used in the regulations does not add water float maintenance for life so-called maintenance-free batteries lead acid. Compared with the normal battery is maintenance free, the process eliminates the use of added water or distilled water, adjust the electrolytic surface work is not relieved of all maintenance work. Instead, for the achievement of UPS uninterruptible power supply, we must be more attentive to preserving and maintaining a good lead-acid battery without maintenance. toshiba PA3534U-1BRS toshiba PA3535U-1BRS

Three main factors affect the life and precautions

Here’s what the main factors affecting the life of the battery and use the process should pay close attention:

⑴temperature impact above the battery. The ambient temperature is too high battery charge, will produce gas, the ambient temperature is too low, the battery is charging less, it will affect the battery life. Therefore, the general requirements for the ambient temperature around 25 ℃, UPS is also a variable voltage to regulate the temperature here. Practical applications, the battery generally 5 ℃ ~ 35 ℃ charge within, below or above 35 ℃ 5 ℃ will significantly reduce the capacity of the battery and shorten battery life.

⑵ depth of discharge impact on battery life is also very large. More depth of battery discharges, less the number of retraining, and should avoid the use of depth of discharge. Although the UPS has a battery low voltage protection, the general discharge unicellular to 10.5 V or more, UPS stops automatically. However, if the UPS is lightly loaded discharge or discharge the burden of work wills the depth of discharge of battery. toshiba PA3591U-1BRS toshiba PA3465U-1BRS

⑶ battery storage, transportation, installation, lost because of a certain capacity for self-discharge. Therefore, after installation, entry into service until the battery voltage open circuit must determine the remaining capacity of the battery, then a different approach to complete the charge of battery. Keep spare batteries every 3 months should be an additional charge. By measuring the voltage of the battery open circuit for determining the battery is good or bad. 12V Battery For example, if the open circuit voltage above 12.5 V, the energy storage battery there are more than 80%, if the open circuit voltage lower than 12.5V, the fee should be added immediately. If the open circuit voltage less than 12V, the battery stores electrical energy is less than 20%, the battery unusable.

battery charge and discharge currents ⑷ usually expressed in C, C of the actual capacity of the battery. For example, 100Ah batteries, C = 100A. Panasonic maintenance free lead-acid battery is the best 0.1C charge current, charge current can not exceed 0.3 degrees Celsius. Charging current is too large or too small will affect the life of the battery. General requirements in the discharge current between 0.05C ~ 3C, UPS in normal use may satisfy this requirement, but also to prevent accidents such as short-circuit the battery. toshiba PA3480U-1BRS toshiba NB100 battery

⑸ voltage. As the UPS battery is alternate methods of work, electricity is able to load in normal circumstances, that the blackout is discharged. To prolong the life of the battery charger with UPS generally constant pressure limiting control of the state to float after the battery is full, each section on the float voltage set at 13.6 V. If the charging voltage is too high causes the battery charging, the battery is charging less than the opposite. Load voltage abnormality may be caused by misconfiguration of the battery or charger malfunction. Therefore, when the battery is installed, be sure to pay attention to battery specifications and the exact number of different specifications, different batches of cells do not mix. Do not use the charger more than a charger, and issues to consider when the cooling system. Currently, in order to further improve battery life, advanced UPS using a floating ABM (Advanced Battery Management) program in three stages intelligent management of battery that is charged with responsibility for initialization, and load the rest of three phases: the first is the constant load flow regulation, the load capacity of the battery to 90%, second stage is the float charge the battery at 100% and stop charging the third stage is a natural outlet at this stage, the battery using its own leakage current discharge until the minimum voltage required, and then repeat these three steps. Changing the way forward that is fully charged, the battery is still in the 24 State one day float, which prolongs the life of the battery. toshiba pa3399u-2brs toshiba pa3400u-1brs

⑹ system maintenance free battery absorption of electrolytes used in normal usage, produces no gas, but if the user is misused, resulting in battery, it will produce gas, the internal pressure increases battery, battery pressure on the opening of the upper valve, causing a flurry of serious battery.

⑺ UPS during the operation, attention to monitoring the value of the battery terminal voltage, the float current values, each battery voltage, battery and the DC bus to ground resistance and insulation of the state.

⑻ not individually increase or decrease the number of single cells in the battery, causing an imbalance and heterogeneous single battery charge, reducing battery life.

⑼ battery installed as far as possible in clean, cool, ventilated, dry, and avoid sunlight, radiators or other heat source of radiation. The battery is being created should be placed, do not tip. Connection between the terminals of each battery to be strong. toshiba pa3395u-1brs toshiba pa3399u-1brs

⑽ regular maintenance. Battery in use after some time should be inspected regularly, as though the observed abnormal appearance, measuring the battery voltage is average and so on. If long periods of power outage, the battery is still in a state of charge, this would allow the activity of cell damage. So even if a power failure, UPS is also needed on a regular basis to maintain the activity test of the battery discharge. Discharge test can generally be implemented over three months, the practice is contained with UPS – preferably above 50%, then disconnect the electricity, if UPS is in a state of battery discharge, the discharge duration in depending on battery capacity generally run a few milliseconds to tens of ms after the restoration of electrical discharge, to continue to charge the battery.

4 Conclusion

Understand and clearly affect the life of the battery main factors lead-acid and the use of the process should take account of our UPS systems use and maintenance of lead acid batteries is very helpful. I hope that in their daily work and to safeguard the proper use of lead-acid batteries, it can be used more rationally. toshiba pa3383u-1brs toshiba pa3384u-1brs

2) Sub-sampling of the battery, which makes each piece of circuit voltage reduction using conventional inspection. As the need for separation between each section, bringing the cost increase. In addition, if the battery opens circuit, increasing the tension for a certain period may still be high, there is also the order of wiring errors on the ground that can damage the circuit. VGP-BPS5 VGP-BPS5A

3) dividing the resistance pressed Xu Duo design, which uses pressure resistive subdivision Fangfa, what can it be Ding Wei calibration coefficients Mei Yi-channel, to some extent, can Xiuzheng and inaccurate to match Dianzu to common mode Wucher. The long-term stability of the method limited by the stability of the resistance, the common mode high precision difficult and necessary. Company BB INA117 operational amplifier with resistance high common mode of the game at 0.005%, temperature coefficient of 1 ppm when 86dB common mode rejection ratio, the range 400V common mode of error detection 20mV, the 2V VRLA battery float precision voltage detection level should reach 10 mV or more. Clearly, in reality, the method of partial pressure difficult to obtain such high accuracy.

4) High voltage electronic switch used in high pressure in the number of electronic switches to solve the difficulties of the inspection. PhotoMOS is a new type of optical coupling of the electronic switch to high voltage, and optocoupler like ordinary, but the output FET to overcome the problems of loss of control transistor, required for this high pressure, high precision requirements broadband. VGP-BPS9 VGP-BPS9A/B VGP-BPS9/S

3.3 Module Resistance

Resistance modules and systems adapted to the distributed architecture, the scheduling module being tested. For the battery resistance to the extent of the excitation signal.

Modulus primarily designed to meet the following four aspects of the problem:

1) The waveform and frequency controlled by the CPU module sampling, can work in any frequency design point and the different waveforms.

2) the stability and accuracy of work to maintain stability in the long term and temperature stability of the time, the module can be exchanged between the two.

3) The independence of the excitation signal to the impact of the battery charge and discharge circuit.

4) The European dimension of work minimum flow in the battery charging lower and upper limits of the maximum range of work. VGP-BPS9/B VGP-BPS9A VGP-BPS13A/B

These requirements are mainly related to the hardware design.

3.4 Module Control

control module for data transmission, processing and exploitation of man-machine interface, with remote (centralized) management RS-485 (detection of RS-232) port control unit, keyboard, display panel , sound and light alarm and alarm output contacts. Real-time data display of the battery control unit, the intelligent data analysis, the abnormal situation of the alarm time the battery runtime. Detected by module control bus structure detection module to collect the data. The unity of the cause, it could work with its complex and alarm light, data communications, storage and search functions, which run on-site staff for event management to use.

4, application monitoring device

In this search process, the device monitoring system 48V DC in telecommunications, energy and petrochemicals 220V DC 400V UPS three typical applications of VRLA batteries has been applied to check the rationality of the technical program.

For the desktop system HVDC station, the application of the battery has the following characteristics: VGP-BPS13B/B VGP-BPS13 VGP-BPS13/S

1 48V systems, each consisting of 24 individual cells 2V in series, the battery in 2 groups.

2 high capacity battery, placed a reasonable time, the operating environment.

3, difficult to periodically check the discharge capacity.

4, generally have spare machine power outage, which began after oil for some time, the battery capacity is decreasing even more difficult to detect.

5, battery and environmental data can be sent to the centralized monitoring system, the central control room.

Battery Monitor uses a control module with 2 sampling modules and two modules of resistance, the system has access to a centralized power system and environmental monitoring, and central control room network.

VRLA battery in general use and to control the management, monitoring device designed primarily to consider the following aspects:

1) The battery float voltage measured by the charger main operating parameters of control, particularly the battery voltage float, floats a direct impact on battery life. Charging voltage is relatively little difference necessary measurement circuit with high precision battery after a series of conditions on high voltage circuits with high common mode performance cons. acer BATCL50L battery acer Aspire 5720 battery

2) Detect the battery charge current monitoring, the current landfill.

3) Room temperature (or temperature of the standard sample of cells) of monitoring.

4) Line measurement of resistance of single measure within each cell of resistance.

5) The module structure of the system to fit most applications where battery-powered applications, including telecommunications, energy, UPS and other applications, different configurations of the battery. Different according to the number of cells of different sizes and different forms of flexible display configuration, facilitating on-site installation and maintenance.

6) Network design, network and information is the development trend of electronic devices, a communications interface and system design to have a variety of networking solutions. To be suitable for remote management and centralized control. acer Aspire 5920 battery acer Aspire 5920G battery

7) The reliability of the device used in high reliability requirements of the occasion, to prescribe the installation of the long-term stability.

The test device EMC should not produce any user intervention, additional equipment, the user equipment to ensure stability in the long term operation of the surveillance system. Unit also known as a strong ability to fight against-interference, high power switching power supplies to maintain stability.

As shown, the device by the control module, the detection module, the modules internal resistance, software and accessories are a module access control module can detect multiple, completed only a few different sizes and batteries of different voltage monitoring and management, management of batteries simultaneously. acer Aspire 5520 battery acer Aspire 5520G battery

1, measure the internal resistance based on the technology of digital filters

Online measurement of the internal resistance of each single cell is one of the difficulties detecting device, measurement accuracy is directly related to the precision of analysis. Need to measure in line at the charger and the interference electric charge. For the high-capacity battery, the resistance of the internal battery is low signal level micro-European, this article uses a digital filter technology to improve the measurement accuracy. Compaq 610 battery Compaq Presario B1200 battery

Online Survey measured the following main factors:

1) The extent of coupling the signal line high frequency interference;

2) Interference of frequency 50 Hz;

3) Feeder drives low frequency;

4) The charge or discharge slowly changing voltage;

5) Instructs the irregular movements.

For the high frequency interference, first by the low pass filter to reduce the hardware the other hand, in the actual A / D sampling frequency smoothing filter.

This study was designed to encourage special device, controlled power signal for AC power, the measurement circuit test battery voltage AC signal collection. In response to these factors, using the IIR digital filter technology.

2, the monitoring device and the charger interactive design

Program of surveillance and interactive charger is to improve the forecast accuracy of the degree of deterioration of the mode of creative work Compaq Presario B1800 battery Compaq Presario B1900 battery

floating state theory and method of measurement has its limitations, the discharge tests to obtain more reliable data, but the test discharge current, or need human intervention, or the uncertainty of the blackout occurred in the passive behavior, the former often difficult to conduct, but also more risk, uncertainty it carries risks. This interactive program is mandatory for the design of peaking plants can effectively solve the various problems mentioned above.

Principle of the program is interactive: the Battery Monitor (Battery Monitoring Unit – BMU) routine inspection and analysis of data and trends, under certain conditions, at the request of the shipper (Rectifier Unit – UK) with a discharge partial test. Under the UK to discharge a fixed lower limit to the battery voltage and low output of a rectifier output value, both the camera from the batteries to power the load, but also prevent the discharge process due to the risk of downtime caused by battery problems. Compaq Presario B3000 battery VGP-BPS2

Under the floating state of normal load, BMU battery voltage monitoring and internal resistance, voltage or resistance if it is considered abnormal, then start the process of partial discharge test, carried out Tests on a deeper level. The testing process is also set to start at a certain period, such as a month.

During the discharge test, the model prediction of deterioration of the required level of discharge data collection, including float voltage, the initial drop, the voltage data of normal discharge, the degradation level Battery (SOH) to load forecasting model, accurate and SOH.

In addition, an interactive program does not test passive power failure, the liability can be triggered to provide for the determination of discharge, discharge that appears to trigger the data acquisition in the depth of discharge setpoint Muga , start a prediction operator.

Thus, based on resistance surveillance, the surveillance system, using three different depths of discharge test to achieve the long-term objective of a continuous and accurate detection of SOH:

1) Fully discharged battery must be put into service until a depth of 100% of the discharge, to confirm that the battery can meet the design requirements. Otherwise, if there is the quality of the product itself, will affect the accuracy of follow-up monitoring of data processing, the state of pre-discharge must be filled in the float to maintain a certain time. VGP-BPS2A VGP-BPS2C VGP-BPS2B

2) Average depth: the depth of 30-50% depth of discharge of the discharge. sensor data processing method according to the depth of discharge data can be very accurately calculate the battery SOH, but also a process of rejection deeper to avoid sudden power failure, if the risk of equipment to withstand power outages, the average battery configurations are often seen as spare capacity, such as double. Therefore, the depth of the middle of the discharge, in general, including the case of fault of a power failure is strong.

3) Periodic short-discharge applications under the battery chosen for the cycle, such as three months. Generally low depth of discharge is about 5%, detection of early FNN calculation, prediction battery SOH. It is anticipated that its reliability is still in the present study. It also includes the FNN algorithm used in the input data is the failure of all the cells are sensitive. In the operation FNN, there are also algorithms “conservative” side, would rather underestimate the SOH SOH also waive the overestimation of risk. fujitsu lifebook t4010d battery fujitsu lifebook t4020 battery

Therefore, the interactive program over the long term, as shown in Figure 2-2, usually after several discharge tests in the short term by adding a moderate depth of discharge, or the results of short battery discharge test showed a serious deterioration can be released when a recognized means. If the results confirm that the prediction is correct, then notify the control center, if the forecasts proved wrong, then the model prediction for adaptive tuning. In the mean depth of the landfill to determine the last time a serious deterioration of the battery after the change to take steps to comply fully before making a change, this data set for the SOH model is important.

3 modular monitoring devices

3.1 Design of monitoring devices

3.2 Module Detection

Detection module consists of five parts:

1) Voltage, current, temperature measurement circuit;

2) Channel switching;

3) A circuit for analog / digital converter;

4) The microprocessor unit;

5) A communication interface. fujitsu lifebook t4010 battery

Detection module for data acquisition and control module for data transmission. High accuracy and limitation of data acquisition module modular design, taking into account the principle of specialization and generalization, flexible configuration, depending on the type and size of the sampling requirements, each module can be used alone are free to mix and can adapt to different opportunities monitoring.

Batteries in series with the sampling circuit, it is difficult, at present the main solutions of the following:

1)      Relay contact switching lives because of mechanical reliability problems and can not be used for quick inspection of the occasion required. acer Aspire 5720G battery