digital batteries

When the constant current into the discharge had finished charging the battery because the battery’s internal resistance voltage drop generated, so the Laptop battery voltage has increased rapidly (A). Since then, the battery began to accept the office , the battery voltage to a lower rate continues to rise. In this context (Beach AB), the electrochemical reaction to generate a certain amount of oxygen in the same time as the same rate of oxygen and the chemical combination of hydrogen, therefore, the battery temperature and internal gas pressure is very low.

Process of loading the battery, composed of oxygen from the oxygen is higher than when the battery internal pressure increases. * The normal pressure inside the battery is about 1 pound force / inch 2. Overload, the rate of charge, the battery internal pressure will soon be in place by the force of 100 pounds / inch 2 or more.

Examine a variety of ways to approach charging nickel-cadmium battery gas production is an important issue. Bubbles gathered at the plate surface of the plate will reduce the surface involved in chemical reactions and increase the resistance of the internal battery. Overload, batteries produce much gas, if not rapidly compounds, the internal pressure of the IBM ThinkPad T43 battery would be increased considerably, which would damage the battery. In addition, the pressure is too large, sealed batteries will open porosity, so that the oven electrolyte. If the electrolyte has continued to make holes through the oven, the viscous nature of the electrolyte increases, the transport of ions between the plates becomes difficult, thus increasing the internal resistance of the battery capacity decrease.

After some time (c), the electrolyte begins to produce air bubbles, these bubbles are gathered on the surface of the plate, so that the effective area of the lower plate, so increases the ‘internal impedance of the battery, the battery voltage began to rise rapidly. This is close to an appropriate electrical signal.

Sufficient power, the rechargeable battery in the battery current is not converted into energy storage, but in the positive potential of oxygen on board Ultra generated. Oxygen is due to the electrolyte resulting from electrolysis is not due to return to the cadmium hydroxide, cadmium generated. Potassium hydroxide and water in the composition of the electrolyte, hydrogen and oxygen ions in oxygen, water and free electrons, the reaction formula

4OH? ↑ O2 → 2 H2O +4 e? Although the oxygen in the electrolyte can quickly produce surface of the negative plate in the electrolyte in the composite, but significantly increased the temperature of the ，Dell Latitude X1 battery. In addition, since the charging current used to produce oxygen, thereby increasing the pressure inside the battery.

Because a large number of hydroxyl ions from that of a small cadmium hydroxide is easier to get out of oxygen, so sharp rise in temperature inside the battery so that battery voltage drops. Therefore, the peak battery voltage curve (point D).

Electrolyte, the generation of oxygen compounds is an exothermic reaction, the battery during overload (point E) and produce oxygen continuously, so that the temperature and pressure inside the battery increases. If you force the exhaust causes the electrolyte to reduce the battery capacity has dropped and damage the battery. If the gas can be quickly discharged, the battery will explode.

Using net low constant current charging, the batteries have a dendrite. These dendrites can spread through the partition between the plates. In the proliferation of more severe cases, the dendrites will be part or all of the short-circuit the hp 346970-001 battery.

Ni-MH battery charging characteristics and nickel-cadmium batteries is similar in both charging voltage, the temperature curve shown in Figure 1-2 and Figure 1-3. As can be seen, charge termination, nickel-cadmium battery voltage drop is much larger than the nickel-hydride batteries in metal. When the battery capacity will reach 80% capacity prior to the temperature nickel-cadmium battery rises slowly when the battery capacity reaches 90% after nickel cadmium batteries will soon rise in temperature before. When the battery is fully charged when the base, Ni-Cd / Ni-MH battery is basically the same rate of temperature increase.

Process and method for recharging the rechargeable battery charging process can generally be divided into pre-charge, fast charge, top-up trickle charge into four stages.

Term not used for long or a new battery, the top one on the use of fast-support, it will affect battery life. Thus, the battery should charge a small current load to meet certain conditions, this step is called pre-load.

Fast charge is to use the current pricing stronger, faster recovery of the VGP-BPS9A/B battery power. Fast-charge rate of 1C or, more generally, the fast charging time, the battery capacity and loading rate-determining, cheap polo.

To avoid overcharging, the charger uses a number of low load current. The normal charge nickel-cadmium batteries can accept the charge rate of C/10 or less, so the charging time to over 10 hours. The use of low load current, the battery does not produce too much gas, the battery temperature is too high. As long as the battery charger, receiving the low rate constant-current battery charger will be able to provide a very small net charge current. Rechargeable battery with low current, the heat generated within the battery can be dispersed naturally.

Trickle Charger main problem is charging too slow, for example, with a capacity of 1 Ah battery, using C/10 charge rate, charging time to over 10 hours. In addition, the battery re charge a fill rate is low, when there is a dendrite. In most loader drip, lack of feedback voltage or temperature and therefore can not guarantee that the VGP-BPS9/B battery is fully charged, immediately after the bifurcation charger.

Fast charge constant current charging and pulse charging points are two types of constant current load is a constant current to the load current, the pulse load is the first use of pulsed current to charge the battery. And then let the battery discharge and so on. Great battery pulse amplitude, width very narrow. Usually discharge pulse amplitude for pulse charging 3 times. Although the amplitude of the pulse discharge and battery capacity related, however, with the ratio of current amplitude load remained unchanged.

Loading process, nickel cadmium batteries reduced to nickel hydroxide, nickel hydroxide, cadmium hydroxide, cadmium restore. During this process, the bubbles generated, gathered at the plate on both sides, so it will reduce the effective area of the plate, so that the plate resistance increases. Since the effective area of smaller plates, the charge in the full time required to increase capacity.

Join pulse discharge, the bubble left the plate and with the negative plate composed of oxygen. This process reduces the depolarization of the internal pressure of the toshiba PA3191U-4BRS battery temperature and internal resistance. At the same time, most of the charge in the battery is converted into chemical energy rather than gas and heat.

Charge-pulse width of discharge must be chosen to provide the plate to restore the original crystalline structure, thus eliminating the memory effect. Using measures of depolarization of discharge, may improve the efficiency of charge and allows very rapid charging current.

The use of some fast-load only the right, after the end of fast charging, the battery is fully charged. To ensure the recharge to 100% of electricity, but also by adding up the loading process. Complete the charge rate is generally not exceed 0.3c. By completing the charging process, the temperature will continue to increase when the temperature exceeds the limit, the charger into the charge state of maintenance.

Store, nickel cadmium batteries will power the discharge rate of C/30 to C/50 reduced to compensate for battery self-discharge due to the loss of electricity to supplement the charge after the end loader runoff should be transferred automatically to the process of electricity. Trickle charge, also known as maintenance costs. According to the battery self-discharge characteristics of slow loading rates are generally low. While connected to the battery charger and the charger connected to power in maintaining the state of charge, the charger load an additional rate to the battery, it will give the battery is fully charged, the state’s total .

The main form of cellular damage to the battery plate sulfation irreversible. The basic characteristics of the battery when the Laptop battery has a capacity for a long period of minimum needs, the board very crystals of lead sulfate will merge, eventually leading to plaque vulcanization. Under the conditions of the current base station, resulting in the direct cause of vulcanization There are several.

1.1 Load floating down

There are many base stations, maintenance personnel were not according to specifications, according to the manufacturer requested that the float voltage set to 52.7V, an average of 2.20V / month. In this charging voltage, due to valve battery back-EMF above 2.19V / a, once the landfill, although there “was sufficient” link, but with a float voltage of 0.01V efficient pricing, loss of capacity is not possible to load circuit was added. Many people believe that float voltage difference of less than 1V there are no major effect on the capacity, should distinguish between the table of voltage command displays the name of the closet Um charging voltage, the actual output of the IBM ThinkPad R51 battery voltage Us, and effective charge difference of tension between the three Uy a basic concept. EMF-based batteries Uf is the relationship between these parameters are:

Uy = Us-UF

For example, the voltage meter shows 54V Um, the whole battery of practices we are 53V, the battery back-EMF is Uf is 51.6V, the charging voltage of the battery Uy effective 53-51.6 = 1.4V.

Only a review of this concept, it means May float voltage below 1V small fluctuations, it will keep the battery capacity of the underlying causes of the considerable influence.

From Figure 1 we can see the curve of charging batteries, 500Ah battery discharge after the float voltage of 2.23V, the capacity can be quickly restored to 66%. Under the conditions of the float in the 2.29V, the corresponding value is 75%. This means that the discharge of the battery capacity fully restored need many days to complete.

Having a base station, the battery installed in the exchange, after a power failure after the time power is independent of 8 hours, 2nd time was 6 hours, 3rd is 4 o’clock. The share of users is the result of poor quality batteries. Instead, this example illustrates the lack thereof will result in a Dell Inspiron 1525 battery to retain the capacity reduction in the structural capacity of the battery can not charge and discharge cycles three times, but fell by 50%.

The base station is valid for the charging voltage is 1.4V. The voltage drop of 0.4V, the charging effects will be reduced by 30%.

Table 1.2 shows the high voltage.

Control cabinet table shows the high voltage is often the case, defenders under the control panel of this table shows the value of the adjustable float voltage, if the spectacle of high K, the battery must be the real float charging voltage on low K Check the ark of the digital voltmeter belonging to measuring devices, measurement tools, management must be calibrated on a regular basis. Talking about here is the tension “and the actual display calibration voltage,” not now remotely operate a float level adjustment of tension. “This work is now maintenance procedures did not apply. Many technical staff do not even know these two are totally different concepts of technical content. Ark of the control voltage show that is to pass the total hp 346970-001 battery voltage analog circuit is converted to 5V below the weakening of the signal to be the computer to recognize. The process of converting analog circuit produce attenuation bias, this part of the detour is necessary calibration and eliminated. Therefore, we use a multimeter require regular calibration and maintenance of technical standards is now no maintenance requirements in this regard is the need to introduce additional criteria for the content. 240 base stations in the survey itself, a control panel of display bias voltage to 0.9V.

1.3 to adapt to low voltage.

Some manufacturers of batteries, the battery is stated on the box, the battery charge voltage of 2.20V to work, “which is to deceive the user. Some staff management in accordance with the “factory requirements, the base station float voltage regulated to this value, resulting in a wide range of batteries are ensuring that there is state capacity. Manufacturers of batteries such a provision is to protect the interests of the factory battery in the float low voltage conditions, water loss from the battery to the less positive grid corrosion is small, the battery will be prolonged. Manufacturers Battery can not bear to maintain capacity due to low, resulting in “off station” ’s liability, but does not engage in the state of the VGP-BPS13 battery is charging less than the liability for damage caused by polymerization.

1.4 behind the battery backup for high EMF

The batteries in series, if one behind the battery, battery back-EMF is increased, the average voltage of 2.23V battery pack, can sometimes be detected by a single voltage of 2.60V. In this state, the control panel in the computer detects the charging voltage was increased, yet there is no battery to a predetermined capacity, they have been wrongly identified as “a been filled to a predetermined value, put the load current, leading to charge less than the actual state of operation of the battery, it happens often. A number of base stations, the two batteries in parallel. In parallel, under conditions of use, the cost of current distribution imbalance occurs, such harm is a way of accelerating development.

1.5 After dehydration against electrolyte, the electric potential and the increased density of condensed

The toshiba PA3421U-1BRS battery is losing the use of water, but do not reduce sulfate density of the electrolyte to increase the battery back-EMF Uf upward, battery back-EMF and density dependence of the relationship between the value of d is:

Uf = 0.85 + d

EMF is a direct consequence of the increase in real decline charging voltage. The end result is charging enough. In the float conditions, the battery must be a true no-load back-EMF voltage and current-voltage and polarization. Bias voltage and intensity are directly related.

Battery water loss is inevitable, the higher the temperature, the rapid loss of water. Commonly called “temperature of 10 ℃, the life expectancy reduced by half,” the law, the actual increase was mainly due to the temperature of the water caused by acceleration lost; temperature increase caused by the Corrosion is secondary. In Luoyang recharge the battery of 30 base stations, the statistical average for each refill 500Ah batteries 800mL, reaching the level of the plant. The calculation shows that compensation of overtime before the electrolyte density, condensed from 1.30 to 1.37g / cm 3, and anti-electric potential to rise to 2.22V. In fact, do not measure such a high electromotive force is due to some of sulfuric acid has been converted into lead sulfate consumed. In the charging voltage of 2.20V, so that apple MacBook Pro 15 inch battery power can be added. Pay on time, not only to protect the battery to run quality, but the real life of the battery in the south of the original 2-year to five years or more, if not rapidly lost battery of additional water, will result in damage to many non-use.

Lead-acid batteries discharge, the positive and negative electrodes on the active substances are converted into lead sulfate PbSO 4, but delays of sulfuric acid micro structure is loose, was cavernous. Then the plates are still in the high energy potential, if the residence time is longer, most would approach the board of crystals of lead sulfate of high potential energy state to a state of low potential energy. At the microeconomic level, is to head PbSO4 Re sulfate crystallization of the initial loose on the left into the right shape to phase plate when the batteries are vulcanized on the state, and indicate the process illustrated in Figure 2. This damage has occurred in the negative, the burden of positive plates produced when the oxygen atom has the ability to PbSO4 in PbO2 lead sulfate, it will not heal the injuries of the positive plate.

Not difficult to understand, the batteries have a longer time on the minimum requirements of state capacity of lead sulfate on the substrate are more cellular damage occurs sulphide. Float electrician normal conditions, batteries will not sulfide.

In the new energy vehicle development in countries and regions around the world have been based on their assessment of different options, research the appropriate technology and Laptop battery development and to encourage support for taking a different strategy. In the current situation as a whole, Japan and the United States and Europe has focused on lithium batteries and fuel cells, but our country to take into account the resources and the maturity of technologies, the accent newly released policies on the promotion of nickel-hydride batteries in metal.

Ni-MH battery to become the object of political support China’s current

In our letter of the Department of June 25, the “new energy automotive manufacturing companies and the rules of access management products,” the vehicle, according to new energy vehicles, systems and key deadlines assembly technology, the degree of perfection of the national and industry standards, and industrial degree of difference will be divided into initial phase where the development period, three different stages of maturity of the technology and give Management classified.

According to state regulators, the home-products only in the production of small BTP-43D1 volumes, and only in approved areas, scope, duration and conditions of model runs, and the operational status of all products for real-time monitoring, product development phase allows the mass production only the approved area, scope, duration and conditions of sale, use, and at least 20% of sales of products running in the real-time monitoring, mature products and conventional products for the automobile, “the automakers and ad management product even in the sale and use of the same products with conventional automotive .

This means that in China, December 31, 2010, equipped with lithium batteries and hybrid electric vehicles will be limited to the sale and use areas, use nickel-metal hydride battery and hybrid electric vehicles can be sold and used across the country.

Experts believe that the reason why countries are now central to the development of lithium nickel-hydride batteries, metal, the main reason is that the nickel-hydride technology of metals of the battery is more mature than the Lithium, the most abundant mineral resources, the future of new energy vehicles will track better access to the advertising phase. “Ni-MH – Lithium-Ion Dell Inspiron 1525 battery- fuel cell,” Industrialization Path

In the three commonly used types of car batteries, batteries lead acid to cause serious pollution of the environment has long been out of the consumer applications, nickel-metal hydride batteries, although the marketing of the integrating the moment, but key indicators of laboratory data were lower than lithium batteries, and the basic theory, there is no room for; lithium despite superior performance, but still can not be guaranteed safety and the relatively high costs have also affected its business.

Experts predict that the new energy vehicles will be in the “Ni-MH – Lithium-Ion battery – fuel cell” industry-oriented development path. From the trend of development and rates, and short-term performance can be achieved only with nickel-hydrogen batteries, nickel-hydride technology of metal drums since the most mature in the next three years, will remain the mainstream new energy vehicles, followed by nickel-hydride technology of metals of the lithium and iron phosphate, hydrogen fuel cell-thirds of the world, 5-year lithium batteries and will be gradually replaced by fuel cells. Battery giant Panasonic and Sanyo also found that lithium-ion hp 346970-001 battery can be replaced within 2 ~ 3 years, nickel-hydrogen batteries, mainly due to cheaper nickel-safe hydrogen batteries, has reached high production wide. Lithium batteries also need to continue to research topics such as security, so take time business.

According to economic analysis of Japan Fuji mainstream nickel-metal hydride batteries will be able to continue until 2011, but after 2011, Li-ion battery will gradually erode the market share of nickel-hydride batteries, metal The agency predicted in 2009 Ni-MH rechargeable battery market vehicles world-wide as the previous year by 23.7% to ¥ 92,000,000,000, but the 2015 Ni-MH rechargeable battery-vehicle market will be reduced to ¥ 55,000,000,000 .

Market demand for nickel-hydrogen batteries to save 2-3 years of rapid growth in

Nickel-technology hydrogen fuel cell, and the industry chain to determine their maturity will be a period of time with the coexistence of lithium batteries, lithium iron phosphate cathode material for lithium batteries allows the emergence of performance and cost advantage has been achieved, but stability of the capacity gaps and lack of verification of actual operation continues to be a part of the new energy discourage automobile manufacturers; In contrast, nickel-hydrogen VGP-BPS2B batteries have gone through many years of fighting, technical and industrial chains are quite perfect, in a short period of time can be formed on the vehicle stability and supporting capacity and can therefore still be a period of time in the new energy vehicles and widely applicable.

According to industry estimates, the market for nickel-hydrogen cell is still expected to get 2-3 years of rapid growth over the next 2-3 years, “10 City 1000″ program, the growing popularity of hybrid cars and export markets overseas for nickel and other factors make hydrogen market demand from the battery to strong growth, and when the nickel-hydride batteries, metal and batteries Lithium is still Nanfenbozhong when the nickel-hydrogen batteries will usher in a short period of rapid growth.

Among them, China has launched a “10 City, 1000″ How to get the first batch of nickel demand hydrogen battery market. It is estimated that in “10 City, 1000″ program, about 3200-4000 vehicles, new energy vehicles (including buses and cars) using Chinese-made nickel-hydrogen batteries in three years , bringing a total of about 3.5-4.4 one million kilowatts-hour nickel-hydrogen toshiba PA3399U-2BRS battery needs.

Together, both domestic demand and exports weakened in 2012 after the nickel-hydrogen batteries are gradually replaced by lithium batteries.

Maintaining the pace of R & D policy

In the production of automotive battery business in China with a production capacity of nickel-hydrogen batteries have represented the majority of companies, including Chunlan Group, Ke-Li Yuan, the Torch High Technology, Hunan Shenzhou share Kane etc., which Chunlan Group is the nickel-metal hydride HEV battery power technology, leading market shares in a leading position in the Torch High Technology and Hunan Shenzhou possessed a certain amount of technical base and position market.

As for the lithium battery, most domestic manufacturers are not capable of mass production, but the planning of the corresponding production has been implemented, it is expected after 2010 are capable of mass production.

Experts believe that technological advances, prices for cars in China and business related to the battery in addition to promoting the industrialization of nickel-hydride batteries, metal, more attention should be some of long term, to devote resources to research and lithium battery development, and maintaining fuel cell monitoring techniques to fill a broader energy market new car is ready.