The first generation of lithium-ion VGP-BPS2A VGP-BPS9A batteries: anode: lithium metal, the tensions of work to 3.7V. Since lithium directly to a very bright as a negative, too many security risks have been eliminated.

The second generation: low-power lithium-ion batteries liquid. Anode material allotrope C, operating voltage was reduced to 3.6 V. It avoids directly to the lithium metal as the potential security problems of anode are generally used for laptops, cameras and so on.

Third-generation polymer lithium-ion battery. The electrolyte does not flow from freezing solid material can be made into any shape, size. Great capacity but not high current discharge for mobile phones, MP3 and other computer products market power by a smaller favor.

The fourth-generation high-power lithium-ion battery. High capacity, clean and high current (power) discharge. Electric bicycles and electric vehicles as a high power battery.

Secondly, the advantages of lithium batteries

1. Lithium is the lightest metal in nature, specific gravity and water is only 1 / 2, so the quality lithium-ion batteries that high. Usually cadmium – nickel-2 to 3 times, hydrogen – The nickel was ~ 2-foldIBM ThinkPad R52 battery IBM ThinkPad T40 battery

2. Lithium atom / ion radius smaller volume ratio of hydrogen – rechargeable nickel to 30% smaller than the size of its energy is also high. Usually cadmium – nickel-two times more hydrogen – rechargeable nickel 1.5 times.

3. Thirdly, lithium is the least electronegativity, the standard redox potential of – 3.045 V (hydrogen electrode reference is concerned). Therefore, both find as suitable cathode material, you can get a high electromotive force, which currently operates 3 to 4 volts, is cadmium – nickel, hydrogen – nickel 3 times.

4. And most sources of chemical energy with a different aqueous solution as electrolyte, lithium-ion batteries use organic solvents as an electrolyte. Therefore, the lithium-ion batteries often used with a wide range of temperature, usually 20 ℃ ~ 60 ℃, particularly adapted for use at low temperature. The solution near the battery to 0 ℃, which is a result of electrolyte freezing completely discarded.

5. Lithium-ion batteries containing heavy metal elements (such as lead acid batteries in Pb) and toxic elements (such as cadmium – nickel batteries in Ge) do not cause environmental pollution, they been known as the green battery.

6. Lithium battery voltage discharge ion plate, no memory effect, little self-discharge cycle life long, but it is also an important advantage. Dell Inspiron 1300 battery  Dell Inspiron 1420 battery

3, the security risks of lithium batteries come from?

(1) Lithium-essential ion battery: Li animated metals in the non-normal circumstances (eg, overload), Li + may be negative to be electronic, not precipitation lithium metal, and assembled in a dendrite lithium perforated diaphragm, connectivity is negative, causing internal short-circuit the battery. In addition, in the case of air or water, the precipitation of lithium metal but also extremely insecure factors.

(2) lithium-ion battery electrolytes: conductivity is low flammability, oxidation and reduction of solution. Battery voltage lithium 3 ~ 4 V, the traditional theory of the tension of the electrolyte solution 1.23 V, the lithium battery of high-voltage electrolysis of water has long been recognized. Thus, lithium batteries can only be due to high compression, high-boiling point organic electrolyte. Organic solution has the disadvantage of generally conductivity (eg high resistance) in short-circuit and overload of work, the high current rapidly cause the battery’s internal heat, which triggers the combustion of electrolyte in overload, where too discharge electrolysis solution is oxidized or restoration, the production of a large number of gas, so that sealed lithium-ion battery is even a risk of explosion! In addition, the internal temperature of the battery and the battery are a couple of reaction intensified in the vicious circle of positive feedback, leading to fire or explosion of battery of short duration. hp Pavilion DV1000 battery  hp Pavilion dv4000 battery

4, power-based lithium-safety requirements on ion batteries as lithium-ion battery means more

(1), large capacity requirements of safety higher: the power type lithium-ion batteries and the combination of the battery capacity is 1.3Ah, 1.5AH, 3Ah, 3.5AH, 7Ah, 10Ah, 14Ah, 20Ah or higher is lithium-ion batteries in general several times. Large capacity for materials micro-performance lithium-ion battery anode are being de-embedded / embedded in the number of lithium-ion batteries, which will increase its security implications.

(2) Discharge high power safety requirements are higher: low-power lithium ion batteries, they are less active in the power of the computer products market, and power lithium-ion batteries used in electric, powered vehicles and military player. The power to fulfill the latter is much larger than the first, namely, the internal battery to withstand the current is much larger than the former, but as mentioned earlier, organic electrolytes by strong currents (typically up ’safety of several or even dozens of security), is also a lithium-ion a risk factor for the battery.

(3) the use of harsh conditions on the security requirements are higher: the battery type lithium-ion power commonly used in difficult conditions, such as electric vehicles as a power source, they work full air, to withstand changes in temperature in its impact, while benefiting from bumps and emergency stop, accelerate test extrinsic motivation. PA3399U-1BRS PA3399U-2BAS

Therefore, lithium power type, the security issues that ion battery using lithium-ion battery is more prominent, higher requirements. How to solve this problem, also from the material, structure and circuit protection to begin. Finally, and scientific testing and certification authority, so it can provide efficient and safe power type lithium-ion delivered to the customer’s hands.

5, the security issues resolved?

One, materials, start with a selection of over safety of lithium manganese oxide, lithium iron phosphate cathode material B as a reasonable choice of anode material for C temperature characteristics over the selection of membrane materials and better temperature characteristics of D, a higher pressure, electrical conductivity and better electrolyte formula E a reasonable proportion of positive and negative materials

2 Circuit A reliable external peripheral circuits are designed to ensure reliability, failure analysis prepared to reduce the working batteries in extreme conditions, the probability, so that the batteries operate in a reasonable condition B processes and materials to ensure the reliability of the circuitA1022 A1078

3, the strict inspection and monitoring.

“Energy saving and new energy vehicles” office of major project is the Ministry of Science and Hi-Tech Division (863 modern communication technology, office) under the jurisdiction of bodies of project management.

Ultra-billion yuan from the fund of the State Development to help stimulate the domestic manufacturers are scrambling to join the ranks of the hydrogen fuel battery research vehicle.

In addition to SAIC, Chery, etc. in the “Tenth Five-time” Year of the companies involved in research and development, Foton join too. In addition to SAIC’s field of cars to hydrogen fuel battery in the passenger area.

The main board short – life of hydrogen fuel batteries

In hydrogen fuel battery R & D car to Roewe 750 based on the “car fuel battery Shanghai” brand in China has developed the fourth generation of cars to hydrogen fuel battery, China represents the most advanced level. Of its supply system of fuel PB991A PB992A batteries in hydrogen fuel battery Shanghai Vehicle Power System Co., Ltd. Development.

And third vehicle energy production of batteries “Beyond the Three” from “Shanghai” brand fuel battery sedan vehicle dynamic performance, a more powerful and effective. Acceleration 0-100 km to 19 seconds for 15 seconds, a time of hydrogen continues to extend the charging mileage 300 km from 230 km above the maximum speed of 120 km to 150 km. In addition, it is a higher degree of the integration, vehicle stability, reliability has also been enhanced.

Similarly, the fourth generation of power systems equipped with Shanghai Volkswagen Passat Passat, Chery Oriental Son has a top speed of up to 150 km, 0-100km acceleration time of less than 15 seconds, filling a gas Hydrogen can travel 300 km, the performance does not differ much with the international advanced level.

In addition, Dongfeng Automobile also entered the field of fuel battery vehicles to hydrogen. In August 2004, Dongfeng Motor and Wuhan University of Technology, in collaboration with the Elysee as a platform, a car developed hydrogen fuel D5318 HD438 battery – “Chutian One.” It is equipped with a hydrogen fuel battery of 25 kW as the engine, the maximum speed of 103 kilometers, but a shorter distance endurance.

Hydrogen bus fuel battery research and development in early 2002, the Tsinghua University as a unit of lead, with Dongfeng Motor Corporation, Beijing Bus Plant and five other units of the whole group, the bear National “Tenth-Five” 863 Year Plan for Fuel Battery Bus Project City search. Tsinghua University has also made clear to China Beijing Tong Technology Development Co., Ltd as an industry based carrier.

Currently, the most recent Taiwan bus fuel battery with hydrogen to reach a maximum speed of 90 km / h, a maximum mileage of hydrogenation of 300 km, engine power 100 kW . This is the advanced international level, there is a significant gap. IBM ThinkPad T40 battery  IBM ThinkPad T41 battery

November 15, 2007, marketing projects in China bus demonstration fuel battery to begin the second phase of bidding to provide Shanghai 3 ~ 6 working condition for the Shanghai Urban Transit bus fuel battery one of two pilot years.

Relevant experts suggest that China has developed a bus fuel battery, the Chinese government has invested a lot of money. Abroad, the high cost of bus fuel battery, to promote the formulation of China policy and the establishment of standards and regulations, the proposed fuel-battery cars in China may also be added in the ranks of demonstration runs.

In the engine control technology vehicles, the level of leading domestic and international level despite the differences, but this is not the most important development of hydrogen fuel batteries difficult. The key issue lies in the hydrogen and the power of A1022 A1078 battery life.

Wang Binggang said that the current fuel battery hydrogen internal stability of life is still about 2000 hours, well below the hour international Baqian Qi. Power battery life less than two years, while Japan is 3 to 5 the most advanced years.

It should be noted that multinational companies were involved in vehicle fuel-battery home.

The second approach – in collaboration with the multinational

In 2004, GM and SAIC signed a clean-energy vehicles strategic cooperation framework agreement, both parties reach an agreement: access “Hydrogen III battery vehicle hydrogen fuel from the first quarter of 2005 in China, one of two pilot operation years. General Motors in 2002 introduced “Hydrogen III” as a basis, the Pan Asia Technical Automotive Center in North America and General Motors German engineering under the direction of a series of integration and the Pan Asia Technical Automotive Center will responsible for the vehicle’s future operation and maintenance.

In 2001, SAIC Group and General Motors joint venture between China’s Pan Asia Technical Automotive Center in Shanghai, with respect to the Buick GL8 presented a BATBL50L6 LCBTP03003 prototype vehicle fuel battery called Phoenix.

China 2005 marketing bus fuel battery demonstration project bidding, General Motors, SAIC has supported to participate in the project submission, and provide fuel when the most advanced systems-GM training batteries. Currently, Shanghai Volkswagen Passat also produces battery vehicles to hydrogen fuel, but will participate in transport services during the Beijing Olympics.

Former Vice President of SAIC Wang Ta-General said, because a number of colleges and universities support the program 863, and may not be appropriate to give the latest global technologies to SAIC fuel vehicle hydrogen fuel battery research and development does not rely entirely on 863 plans, in cooperation with multinational corporations are too.

SAIC person who fails to disclose in research and development activities which form of cooperation. However, journalists have learned that domestic firms in the electronic engine control, control technologies for vehicles, both traditional energy sources, or developing new energy vehicles, are cooperation with multinational companies, as Bosch GmbH of Germany to develop technologies for electronic engine control.

The reporter noticed a cooperation agreement with SAIC GM also include “Development of vehicle fuel battery hydrogen from China to contribute to standards and rules,” such provisions. Therefore, do not exclude the use of SAIC-GM vehicle fuel PA3591U-1BRS  PA3191U-4BRS battery with hydrogen on the Chinese standard setting influence.

And as pointed out some familiarity Search

If you now have the same problem, such as millet can refer to a look

Should first understand a little on the battery

Secondary Batteries Battery.

Re-use after discharge batteries, including nickel-metal hydride batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries and lithium batteries. The amount of the charge-discharge cycles, mainly due to the reversibility of the electrodes, membranes and structural materials in the charge-discharge cycle stability. The most important use of rechargeable batteries for mobile phones, laptops, digital cameras, portable DVD and so on, the main producing countries to Japan.

Lithium Batteries

To isolate the second Dell Inspiron 700m battery (ie rechargeable) lithium batteries Art lithium aluminum oxide cathode, liquid organic electrolyte and anode materials made of carbon, but also separates between the positive and negative electrodes on the diaphragm, the positive and negative, to prevent short circuits, while the liquid organic electrolyte is contained in a multi-porous plastic insulation membrane is responsible for the work of the ionic charge conduction.

Lithium battery with energy density, operating voltage of the high temperature range, no memory effect, long life, etc., but the higher price.

The latest digital cameras with lithium batteries, there is no memory effect, open the flash and color LCD display faster than the use of nickel-metal hydride batteries to be efficient. But the mobile phone market, especially nickel-hydrogen batteries have memory effect, more power than the standard nickel-cadmium batteries, a long and load faster. Memory effect in nickel-cadmium VGP-BPS9 batteries are the heaviest.

Memory effect

If each charge in the negative electrode, the role of cadmium and have produce hydroxide to metallic cadmium in the negative electrode deposited surface discharge, the negative electrode surface of the metal cadmium in response to the formation of cadmium hydroxide, which is broken – the deposit reaction when the charge incomplete discharge, the electrodes inside the cadmium metal slowly produces large crystals Er Shi hampered by the chemical reaction, leading to capacity to reduce the performance of the material, namely the so-called memory effect. Early use of nickel-cadmium batteries, this effect is most evident.

Nickel-cadmium batteries, because of strong memory effect, it is easy to load and unload because of poor, which leads to less available capacity, should facilitate the use of 10-that is to do a full charge and discharge when it memory effect, then three times in succession can do on the five complete charge and discharge cycles to release the memory. Ni-MH battery memory effect due to the weak (can be said that almost none), so about 50 times when we used to do in order to complete loading and unloading.

The next step is to deal with a lot 

To start in the following cases, the battery for processing:

1. Has recently opened a new battery.

2. For a long time the battery not the battery from your computer using a storage situation is now being re-enable this battery.

3. A long time do not use the battery from the notebook or laptop stand of memory (more than two or three months) and are now re-enable the battery.

The battery to start treatment methods:

Start the chemicals in the battery to maximize hp F4812A battery performance, by repeatedly charging and discharging of the battery (fully charged and then fully discharged) three times. The so-called complete charge and discharge cycles: the normal boot, so that the battery consumption to 3% of battery power (preferably once exhausted, can be divided into several times to come to power, but not too long) break, and it must immediately shut down the battery twelve hours.

Here, stressed the need to immediately charge the battery because the battery will be carried out without the use of self-discharge when the battery to 3% of the electricity in that time if the battery can time the phenomenon of self-discharge of the battery easily lead to over-discharge costs of the battery discharge on lithium batteries is a big taboo.

Start the battery charging process, the machine must be switched to. If the machine at this point to wait until the conclusion of the State may, if the load is up to 3 ~ 4 hours after the green power status indicator lights no longer beat, the machine will automatically stop charging the apple A1022 battery, so the battery is not fully loaded. If the discharge to 3% of electricity, the machine will automatically go into sleep mode immediately should this time be rebooted the machine, the machine starts the process, click Stop button on the bottom left of the screen, so that the machine is shut down.

If this operation had a good view of every detail, and the quality of your battery is not a problem, we may very well start the battery of chemical substances in order to maximize the performance of the battery, is basically a normal battery after each use of the be able to charge to 100%.