Devices for energy storage for dynamic current of the battery are: the lead-acid batteries, nickel-hydride batteries, metal and lithium-ion batteries.

Span of lead acid batteries contain toxic substances like lead, and high energy density is low, charge and discharge and short life, the refractory waste and other shortcomings, has been largely eliminated by future systems energy storage [1].

Ni-MH batteries are alkaline batteries, due to tension monomer is relatively low, and there is “memory effect” on a regular basis the large-scale dumping is necessary, which greatly increased the tasks of system power management . Secondly, its also self-discharge rate (10% ~ 15%) of defects [2-3].

In comparison with other batteries, lithium-ion IBM ThinkPad T40 battery with high power density (800W/Kg), single high-voltage (average voltage of 3.6 V), does not pollute the environment, self-rate discharge is low (about 3% ~ 5%), there is no “memory effect” and other characteristics, is an ideal battery power [4], it has been widely used in mobile power , hybrid cars, the switchgear and low voltage devices in standby power, such as space flight, the device energy storage.

An internal force of the lithium-circuit fault protection

Monomer average voltage of lithium battery is only 3.6 V, the discharge current also certain requirements. To improve the current system and level of tension, in some occasions, generally use parallel dynamic series after the formation of high-current, high voltage Li-ion battery as the energy systems. As the voltage is very sensitive to lithium batteries, batteries are generally increased when using a certain protection circuit. View the most dynamic of the internal circuitry of lithium battery protection was found, its protection circuit is fairly simple, usually only over / under voltage / over current / short circuit protection. In normal use, this hp F4486B battery can be normal in a short time of loading and unloading. However, the inclusion of the protection circuit with lithium batteries used in systems for hybrid electric vehicles are going through a phase of high current discharge and charge, we found the maximum voltage between monomers and lower voltages serious inconsistency: Yes monomer other batteries in charging the battery voltage is always under normal conditions, because its threshold voltage has reached the maximum protection of recharge channels are closed, resulting in the total pressure on the entire energy system can not pre-determined requirements, another set of monomer battery voltage is still within the normal discharge conditions, because of its voltage reaches the lower threshold voltage is closed to protect discharge channel, causing the entire energy system can not be fully discharged. These two phenomena have seriously affected the performance of energy systems for monitoring the equalization of the toshiba PA3383U-1BRS battery is to solve the above-mentioned phenomenon of the most effective approach.

2 Improved Lithium Battery Protection Circuit Principle

A balanced circuit is the first man to reach the hardware circuit, which may limit the battery voltage of the monomer or monomer between the coherence between the minimum voltage to effectively protect the battery charge voltage and lower the ceiling voltage discharge , from a fundamental to reduce the impact of the battery on the system to improve battery performance and extended to battery life. It includes the balance and balance of both types of circuit to its name suggests, they were the maximum protection of the battery voltage and the voltage limit of the battery.

In this paper, two sets of vehicle design hybrid electric power system: Series 3 Li-ion battery system protection (maximum voltage of 12.75V, the average discharge voltage of 10.8 V) and channel 10 system lithium apple M8403 battery protection (maximum voltage of 42.5V, the average discharge voltage 36V), discharge current, 10A and 40A respectively. System principle illustrated in Figure 1, which is in its protective circuit basis (over / under voltage / temperature / over current / short circuit protection) based joins the upper and lower balance circuit.

2.1 EQ TL431

TL431 is a three-terminal shunt tube regulator, its basic features can be found in reference [5] This article, based on the characteristics of their designs on the balance of the circuit shown in Figure 2. Adjust R1, R2, R3 resistance when the voltage exceeds a set value when they opened TL431, through the resistor R * Power consumption of energy to reduce battery voltage to reach a fixed point (equilibrium point). With the internal electric vehicles and electric vehicles equipped with a balanced circuit experimental results when the balance to be 4.20V, the resistance values are: R1 = 68kΩ, R2 = 100kΩ, R3 = 4.3kΩ.

The balance of the next circuit based on TL431 as shown in Figure 3. When the switch is off, because of optocoupler 817 is not opened before the class to optocoupler circuit also unable to work after school, the work of the BATCL50L battery in a state of normal discharge; When closed, the Post optocoupler optocoupler stage with the opening of the first class one after another opened, the circuit through the resistor R18 to reduce energy consumption and protect the chips sent until the voltage battery is low to protect the chip to force the battery voltage is stable at its low voltage limit Vmin, to achieve the objective and balanced.

From this principle of a balanced circuit can be seen that the current balance of the circuit can not exceed the upper limit of protection TL431 current (70mA or so). Capacity constraints due to a balanced, high-current charge and discharge can be applied between the circuit. To increase the balance of the circuit without compromising the ability of TL431, the TL431 can be used in parallel.

2.2 Parallel equalizer TL431

TL431 shunt and balanced the circuit shown in Figure 4. The principle is similar to Figure 3, only through parallel TL431 for the balanced expansion of current targets. Found in the actual production, as TL431 has a small difference between doing two average balance of power is not entirely consistent. To reduce the occurrence of these phenomena, the general screening methods to improve the TL431 for these circuits, which probably increased the workload of production.

2.3 Improving the equalizer TL431

To improve the balance of the capacity of the circuit, while reducing the workload of the TL431 output filter, this article using the 8550 design of an improved balance of the circuit of power transistor as shown in Figure 5. Once the extra power when TL431 will open, 8550 launch of a PN junction due to handle pressure and opening resistors consumes IBM ThinkPad T41 battery power until the battery voltage on the equilibrium point. Once balanced, the figure would be light-emitting light-emitting diode has played the role of operational instructions. By adjusting the set R1, R2, R3 resistance, they can set the balance point of the upper spring. Figure R1, R2, R3 resistance is relatively large, after the close of the TL431 little effect on the equilibrium point can be ignored. And the balanced circuit is also shown in Figure 5, only a change of R1, R2, R3 corresponding resistance.

3 Experimental results

The compositions of these functions with a string of 10 Office of Protection of lithium batteries a 400W DC motor driven experiments and found that all protective plates in a lithium battery when the total pressure of about 42.5V charging off tube protection against surges on the ground, pressure or almost total 29.2V for the discharge out of the market when the protection of the tube voltage, protecting the plate with a battery pack lithium in the testing stage for overcurrent detected: discharge current of 39A or more, the protective panels were made over-current protection, temperature of 109 ° C when the switch in the off-discharge circuit, the effective protection of the market of the discharge tube. The above data indicate that the circuit is essentially achieved the over / under voltage / over current / over-temperature protection, the basic requirements.

After a long round-trip charge-discharge test, collect relevant data, drawings, can be achieved without a balanced circuit waveforms comparing the experimental data are: the balance of the circuit of a hp PP2182D battery lithium and lithium 2 upper limit of the variation in battery voltage, such as that shown in Figure 6 and Figure 7, the ultimate balance of protection of lithium batteries 3 times the upper limit of battery voltage changes as shown in Figure 8, and balanced with the protection of batteries and lithium batteries 4 of 5 threshold voltage to change the battery of Figure 9 and Figure 10 shows the non-balanced circuit with 6 cells Lithium minimum voltage of the battery as shown in Figure 11. Figure 1, the points of all curves measured for the first time the limit of the battery (bottom) voltage, curve 2 points for long term running of the toshiba PA3395U-1BRS battery measured upper limit (lower) the voltage value.

On the accession of a balanced circuit the maximum voltage of the battery is maintained at an equilibrium point of 4.22V and 4.18V or more, effective protection of the upper limit of the battery voltage, non circuit to balance the maximum voltage of the battery which seems random, by virtue of membership of a balanced circuit the battery voltage level is maintained below the equilibrium point around 2.91V, the effective protection of the lower end of the battery voltage, non-balanced circuit limits the voltage of the battery which seems chaotic, badly damaging the battery life of the nature of coherence and the.

This departure from the practice of engineering, the dynamic nature of lithium batteries in a phase of high flow discharge occurred after the upper and lower limits of the phenomenon of unequal tension is proposed based on the balance of the circuit TL431, and lithium-depth study of a balanced circuit. Practical results show that the design and balanced on the balance circuit and the circuit not only ensures high speed of discharge of the battery after the battery requirements of consistency, but also effectively protect the battery voltage the upper and lower limits for the further study of high battery performance energy storage systems and hybrid systems for electric vehicles has laid a solid foundation.

Some people say it should be modified for use with the filling, regardless of the number to maintain a daily charge

Some people say it should be used almost re-load, and it is almost! Some say that 50% to 60%, with some saying that 70% -80%, in the end how far, nobody seems conclusive.

Who should we listen?! ! !

Another said the road conditions that the experience of more Daoudi climbing or poor, when leaving the implementation to reduce the discharge current of the VGP-BPS8A battery large, easy to damage the battery. Personally, I think it is not necessary for example! The car came with, is to go around, not to drive people. Moreover, even if the true face of this situation, as you control the improvement of the current size is not controlled by you!?

The following is taken from the network, a number of ways: (red for me to add their own, with or without cause, to your own judge) Subsequently, I will be in the final summing up of other ways you, I am committed to this line of 5 years, believe it or not for people.

1, it should not replace the charger, do not remove the controller, the speed limit.

Chargers each manufacturer are generally individualized demand, not sure that the charger should not be changed arbitrarily. If the mileage requirement for the renewal of a longer trip, you must charge in order to off-site and equipped with multiple shippers, put the charger in the day to charge up the apple A1185 battery charger used to add another while the first wife of charger used at night. Remove the limit of processing speed, although speed may increase the number of vehicles in addition to the safety of vehicles will reduce outside reduces the battery life.

Cons battery charger, and nothing to do with any other component, as long as you use the parameters of a battery charger and the parameters required by consistent for the Chargers and what relationship, we can first select a time yielded good Charger (for example, with a negative pulse, temperature compensation, time limited protection, etc.) is not necessarily the original stuff is better, of course, I have not the excluding all but certain individual Bale. To speed limit this problem, if the above makes sense, but I do not fully support because I use the models of electric bikes Wuyang, 500W power, I have no speed limits, speed is often open to the fastest (up to 50 KM / H), but I use the battery, then a month for two years. Now’s kinda easy to use, but also twenty or thirty miles. (I have my own method of use and cycling, which said I had to do this trip, but I would like to share the back of)

Why a good charger can extend the battery life?

To extend VGP-BPS10B battery life, more habits and riding a charger quality of the battery, plus the quality is good or bad. On the one hand, if the battery is simple in principle, but has its own fresh discharge performance characteristics (part of the charge and discharge processes are taking place in a complex physical and chemical changes), and only compatible with this method of pricing, and repair the charger with pulse can be truly meaningful to prolong battery life, the other hand, chargers and battery chargers together almost every day, not in accordance with feeder lines battery, this means that the battery is “the killer pillow,” “slow poison”, overload or under load will be long “term poisoning ‘of battery, a long time, prone to water loss, affect the deformation bulge the normal life of a battery problem, which is the industry has often said that the battery “is not used or wrong, is filled with bad argument”.

2, protecting the Chargers.

Manual of Policy for the protection of both the shipper’s description above. Many users do not have the habit of looking statement, often out of the question after he came to find manual to see, too late, then look at the manual is very necessary. To reduce costs, the charger current essentially made no high-vibration resistant design, so that shippers generally do not put your electric bike in the trunk and the car. Special circumstances, we must move forward, we also need the charger supplied with foam to prevent vibration bumps. After a lot of vibration through the charger, its internal potentiometer will drift, which makes the whole drift parameter, resulting in an abnormal state of charge. Also noteworthy is the charge when the hp PB991A battery charger to maintain ventilation, otherwise not only affect the life of charger may also be affected by the thermal drift has produced the state of charge. This training will damage the battery. Therefore, to protect the battery charger is also very important.

Plus I do not judge, but they would add is preferable not to board charger, because the quality of vibration inside the Council to make relatively large components such as transformers, capacitors, high power transistor, FET adjustable potentiometer so cowardly took place, resulting in the parameters of the charger drift, or even damaged. But too tight, electronics is something similar – fear of water.

3 daily charge.

Even if your skill needs for the renewal of lines not long in charge of a battery can be used 2-3 days, but it is recommended to charge a daily basis, so that the battery in a state circular shallow, the battery life will be prolonged. Some of the early use of mobile phone users thinks the best is the basic use of the battery charging is completed, this idea is false, the memory performance of lead acid battery is not so strong. End of regular exercise impact Dell Y9943 battery life of power is relatively large. Most of the direction indicator light changes charger after full charge recharges the battery to power in May of 97% ~ 99%. While the charge is due only 1% ~ 3% of electricity lines on the continued ability of these effects are almost negligible, but it will also occur due to the accumulation of charge if the battery is fully charged, after changing the lights, or floating charge as much as possible to continue to contain sulfide battery is also be beneficial.

If you want to use more battery power, then, do not ask every day! Electric cars recharge the battery should not be frequent, because the battery charge and discharge cycle is certainly several times, usually in 300 or more, often to charge the battery will increase battery cathode active material for soften the edge of falling will result in accelerated grid corrosion. Each time you conjure, which is equivalent to reduce your battery life, if manufacturers or distributors, they say, because it can do, the battery could practically have the warranty period, the Life expectancy is almost over a month or two, two three months away. Should be used in almost re-load, of course, can not be too long, you said that I was sitting too low, 10 days and half a charge that does not, in general, we should charge a maximum of 23 days. Unless you think you are using the remaining capacity is not enough. To see how almost better behind the summary.

4, a charge timely.

After the 40Y6797 battery discharge process of healing began in the 12 hours before departure, there is a clear cure. In due course load, you can remove the sulfide is not serious, if not promptly charged, these crystal paperweight will gradually accumulated to form crystals of thickness, the average of those bulky chargers crystallization is impotent, and will gradually decline in battery capacity and reduce the life of the battery. Therefore, in addition to charging every day outside, but also noted that the use should be ended as soon as possible after charging, battery power as much as possible in a full state.

Charging time is also considered bar not entirely wrong, someone may ask, do not you have mentioned above, almost did not want to use? In fact, no contradiction, that is, if you can, you’re used to remember that, after almost a payload, whether or not we should charge a timely manner. And I mean both “non-recurring charge is not really a burden in time. The best half an hour to sit for an hour after the load (or battery capacity does not disintegrate may be an exception). Why? compatibility of the error because the problem of factory batteries / long used (with history of tension, a large load, etc.) / load reasons (not the law of charge ), so the imbalance between different cells, which is a group of cells that had point undervoltage protection already at 10.5 or less, while others were pricey Tingduo voltage electricity. If the point charge, charge in electricity is the same, but when used makes the difference due to the time of unequal power and even intensified. finally led to a period less than the normal BATCL50L battery is too low cure serious damage. If you put aside for 0.5-1 hours, then charge the battery will gradually establish a balance of power (that is, you will see that after each use to stop gauges fuel rises yet), though the problems quickly by this method on the battery still have some repair work. However, a better way to address this problem are: the repair of a separate charge. If you find that your mileage is less than 70% of lines were added in the case of the exclusion of other issues, you can test the capacity of the battery meter and repair problems with the battery, you can greatly extend the lifespan battery.

5, periodic deep discharge.

The battery on a regular basis to conduct a deep discharge is also conducive to “active” batteries, you can slightly increase the battery capacity. The general approach is to periodically conduct a fully discharged battery. Fully discharge method is a flat surface under conditions of cycling normal load protection Undervoltage first. Note that we have focused on protecting the first time under tension. Battery protection under-voltage in the first after the battery over time, the tension will increase, but also to make a non-state voltage, this time, if the re-use batteries, the battery would seriously injured. After completion of completely discharged, the battery is fully charged. Feel the battery capacity has improved.

It was just, but are not intended to be the first time then. Remember to “load time”, while the cycle, since long, see the summary.

6, to develop good savings habits.

Whenever possible, the use of slides. The slope, where the use of technology as slippery as possible slowdown. When the fire in the next meeting early entry into the taxi, to minimize braking. A friend told me he was ready to be transferred once a bay must be reduced once the brakes, it is justified. Start time, the best help reach the turn can not only improve the startup speed, but may also reduce the battery life of power loss and damage.

The car driving the process should not begin to be frequent braking because the brake and then start the vehicle over, especially in the early hours of the mainstream, in a period of free time is equivalent to restrictions size value

7, pay attention to the pricing environment.

Charging the best environment temperature is 25 ℃. Most shippers are not adapted to the temperature control system automatically, so the majority of shippers are designed according to the ambient temperature 25 ℃, then the load at 25 ℃ under the conditions better. Otherwise, it is inevitable that winter and summer due to off-load problem free. The ambient temperature at 25 ℃, when the real is relatively small, so there must have been winter because of the statement of the problem of overloading. Fortunately, most families now have the conditions of indoor thermostat, so that charge, the best settings for VGP-BPS10 battery and charger and the thermostat in a well ventilated place. Special note is the battery in the northern state of winter outdoors in the room temperature when the hot surface of the battery is frozen gel. To avoid battery leakage caused by freezing freeze if the battery temperature increases to room temperature to near dried with a charge later.

Note: The battery charge voltage and ambient temperature is inversely proportional to the relationship between

8, make full use of the state of maintenance

Many dealers can supply electric bicycle battery maintenance and repair services, should take full advantage of these services. Some brands of electric bikes is the maintenance of the battery. Such as regular maintenance of batteries can reduce damage to the battery. The battery state of charge of the repair can alleviate the battery “back” of failure, which is equipped with a capacity to maintain the dealer is easy. For dehydration, the battery capacity of 70% capacity recharge battery to 40% of the time when the effect of replenishment of better quality. And even some brands are also available: the deadline will not repair equivalent to waive the warranty period the battery. In order that consumers should not have gone through this loss. Therefore, consumers should be fully used to expand the conditions for maintaining the VGP-BPS9/S battery to increase the lifespan of the battery.

With these methods, the user can greatly extend the battery life. Some users of the continuous line mileage relatively short, the battery life is relatively long, some problems are relatively difficult to detect. Accordingly, Article 4 says the landfill “profound” measures to detect the problem of the battery are also an effective way, not a serious problem, as when the battery is difficult to treat.

While battery vehicle hydrogen fuel in protecting the environment has a great advantage, but it is still in early stages of development. The main factors limiting the development are:

(1) Production costs are high: At present, the source of hydrogen is natural gas in general and biogas. In addition, hydrogen and oxygen by electrolysis of water extracted hydrogen separation. The energy can produce electricity from coal or nuclear reactors to generate. Because the extraction of hydrogen consumption of other energy needs, so if the use of coal, natural gas, methane and other hydrocarbon fuels to extract the hydrogen, it will emit greenhouse gases emissions. Using wind and solar power can solve this problem, but the high cost of such a development mode, causing the cost of hydrogen fuel Laptop battery car. In addition, a number of ancillary facilities such as construction of refueling hydrogen have to charge a certain time.

(2) The energy density of small and inconvenient storage and transportation: problems of storing hydrogen fuel, there are leaks and gasification of issues, including the blast, quenching, when the fuel of Other issues to resolve.

In conclusion, low-polluting hydrogen fuel, however, but the difficulties of storage, there are leaks and gasification of issues, including the blast, quenching, when fuel and other issues to resolve. There are many methods of producing hydrogen, but only in the settlement of its costs, storage issues such as possible after the batch used.

2. Accelerate the Promotion of Countermeasures vehicles to hydrogen fuel IBM ThinkPad T40 battery

Development suited to national conditions of China, environment friendly, inexpensive and efficient production of large-scale hydrogen

According coal resources, China and characteristics which should focus on the development of efficient and low gasification of coal pollution, large-scale centralized hydrogen production, it is necessary to strengthen the process of coal gasification , CO2 capture and sequestration research, and should focus on strengthening the foundations of our country has a certain, with prospects for long-term development of renewable energy technologies for hydrogen. With the Dell Inspiron 8600 battery growing maturity of nuclear technology from China, nuclear power must be controlled and gradually explore production of hydrogen.

A. Development of efficient technologies for hydrogen storage

At present, the comparative study of China’s storage equipment hydrogen content of active research due to storage of hydrogen under high pressure, nanotubes of carbon storage of hydrogen, storage of the Hydrogen novel compounds of hydrogen storage, carbon storage gel hydrogen, glass microspheres for hydrogen storage, manure, hydrogen storage hydrogen storage of hydrogen and other layered compounds, the current international research and technology development of hydrogen storage, the main aspects of hydrogen storage in metal hydrides, the storage of carbon nanotubes for hydrogen, hydrogen storage and other aspects of complex compounds, have an advantage. In the future should also focus on development of novel metal storage alloy hydrogen storage of carbon nanotubes for hydrogen, high pressure hydrogen storage of liquid storage compounds of hydrogen technologies in the car as the systems of hydrogen storage to explore the layered compounds, hydrogen storage, the hydrogen clathrate hydrate, etc. technology.

B. Enhanced hp F4809A battery technology and hydrogen fuel battery vehicles to hydrogen fuel and related infrastructure, research and development

The development of a hydrogen economy is an important aspect is to develop energy systems and hydrogen infrastructure of hydrogen energy transportation. In batteries hydrogen fuel, our country could focus on development of high power proton exchange membrane technology for fuel batteries, low temperature oxide technology with fuel battery based technology fuel battery systems integration, the proton exchange membrane technology, electro-catalyst technology, Advanced membrane electrode technology component, not technology-platinum catalyst, while actively exploring bio fuel batteries, regenerative fuel toshiba PA3284U-1BRS battery technology, cold start (Start Cokd) technology research and development.

c. The strengthening of the hydrogen and fuel batteries as the core system of energy distribution of hydrogen

Because hydrogen and fuel battery has many advantages and features of decentralized energy supply, thereby strengthening the nucleus of hydrogen and fuel battery system of distributed energy has become the focus of research future international and development. The current formula of hydrogen and fuel batteries as the core of the system tends distributed energy development is the use of renewable energies, combined with hydrogen as an apple A1185 battery carrier, to fuel batteries as a tool conversion of energy to enhance the development of renewable energies.

d. attention to the economic development of hydrogen-related environmental issues and security

While hydrogen itself is a kind of green energy, but in the process of using fossil fuels, hydrogen production, storage technologies, if properly, there will be leaks CO2 in the atmosphere caused by rising greenhouse gas emissions. Hydrogen production, storage, transportation and use of fuel batteries to hydrogen, it is inevitably the process of hydrogen leakage. When released into the immediate environment of the hydrogen reaches a BATCL50L certain concentration, may be encountered by fire or explosion, where a strong chemical reaction, causing casualties and property losses. In addition, leaks in the atmosphere of hydrogen with the reaction of atmospheric ozone, the destruction of the protective layer of ozone in humans. Therefore, we must strengthen the safety-related hydrogen technology and the detection of hydrogen sensor, the potential accident scenarios on research technology.

e. effective to encourage companies to participate in hydrogen technology and fuel batteries, industrialization and commercialization of evolution

In accordance with the laws governing the functioning of the market economy, hydrogen technology and fuel batteries as the technology is mature, with the case of price competitiveness to win the contract to replace fossil fuels traditional and a number of relatively low efficiency use of methods of energy Dell HD438 battery conversion. It will be possible for firms to participate effectively in the development of hydrogen delivery prices competitive preparation, storage, transport and application technology and this was also the final decision of hydrogen to replace fossil fuels traditional key.

f. use government subsidies to promote hydrogen

To promote the use of the hydrogen society of the energy required to inform the public of the merits and use of energy security of the hydrogen to promote the understanding and use of the hydrogen energy. Meanwhile, the state should be presented to a policy of encouraging more efficient, for example, the State should be the use of VGP-BPS2B hydrogen government subsidies in order to effectively promote research on hydrogen energy and the development and implementation of the system.