The concept of organic solar batteries looks like a very new, but in fact, history does not fail – with the history of similar silicon-based solar batteries. The first silicon-based solar Laptop batteries is a Bell Labs was created in 1954, and its photovoltaic conversion efficiency is about 6%, while the first device is an organic photoelectric conversion by Kearns and Calvin established in 1958, the main material Magnesium phthalocyanine (MgPc) dyes, the dye layer is sandwiched between two electrodes of the work function between different files. In this device, they observed the open circuit voltage of 200 mV, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of low are embarrassed to speak. Start the beginning of the sentence Gao Xia Li

After 20 years, innovation in the field of organic solar batteries much, all the device structures reported are similar to the 1958 edition, only two changes of work function between different electrode materials in organic semiconductor variety. The principle of these devices are presented in Figure 1: organic semiconductors in light of the electronic energy levels are delighted homo the LUMO energy level, resulting in a pair of electrons and holes. Electronics is an occupation with low extraction electrode, the hole was from electrodes with high functionality infill electronic form and a photocurrent under the illumination. In theory, the film organic semiconductors and operate two different working electrode contact will result in a different Schottky barrier. This is the charge Photoinduced may be addressed to move from base. And therefore such a structure, the Dell Inspiron 1420 battery is often called “Schottky-type solar batteries organic.

In 1986, the industry is facing a historic breakthrough. To achieve this breakthrough was a Chinese, Kodak, Dr. Deng Qingyun. This era of organic solar batteries used in organic materials, mainly with high efficiency visible light absorption of an organic dye. These dyes are generally used as photosensitive materials, which naturally forces Kodak. Deng Albatron device in the basic structure is a kind of perylene tetracarboxylic derivatives (Tang and former call PV) and copper phthalocyanine (CCEP), consisting of bilayer. Bilayers is the essence of a heterojunction, Deng is the old idea of two kinds of semiconductor materials to mimic organic inorganic heterojunction solar batteries. He has prepared solar batteries, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of around 1%. Even if they are even worse with silicon batteries, but compared to previous Schottky-type battery is a great improvement. It is a fruitful idea to search for organic solar batteries has opened a new path now that the structure of the bilayer heterojunction organic research solar Dell Inspiron 1501 battery is still one of the keys.

Bilayer-type structure heterojunction organic solar battery shown in Figure 2. As the semiconductor material organic body after absorption of photons generated hole – electron pairs, the electron injection materials in organic semiconductor as a receiver, the hole and electronics were isolated. In this system, the p-electron donor, electron acceptor, compared to n-type, hole, and electronic transmission to the two electrodes, respectively, forming photocurrent. And the above “Schottky-type batteries” with the characteristics of these structures is the introduction of a mechanism for charge separation. Compared to the interaction of semiconductor silicon, organic molecules are much smaller between the different molecules and the HOMO and LUMO can not be combined to form a continuous phase in the whole body of the conduction band and the valence band. Carrier transport in organic semiconductors need to load different molecules by a “jump” mechanism for achieving macro-economic performance is the carrier mobility is much lower than in inorganic semiconductors. At the same time, small organic molecules have been excited by absorption of photons can not be done in silicon produced in the conduction band and free electrons leave a hole in the valence band. Optical excitation of small organic molecules, the electrostatic interaction arising through a combination of hole – electron pairs, which is commonly called “excitons (exciton). The existence of excitons limited time, typically on the order of magnitude less than a millisecond, without complete separation of electrons and holes are complex (recombinant), released its energy absorption. Clearly, the isolation of the free electron and hole excitons, light current does not contribute. Yi Gu organic semiconductor in the exciton separation efficiency of the conversion efficiency of opto-electronic Dell Inspiron 1520 battery has a crucial impact.

For the Schottky-type batteries, the separation efficiency of excitons is very problematic. Light-induced formation of excitons, only the diffusion layer in the Schottky junction in the area of the Festival on the electric field can be separated. Other places to form excitons, you must first be transferred into the diffusion layer may be formed in light of the current contribution. However, the migration of excitons in organic dye very limited range, usually below 10 nm. Therefore, most excitons into electrons and holes in the separation of composite lost before. In batteries heterojunction organic results, it is obviously increased the separation efficiency of excitons. The electrons in the LUMO energy level of molecules injected into excited levels of electron acceptor LUMO energy, this process is essentially the separation of the excitons. The interface between two layers of biofilm is not formed. In the process of preparation (thermal evaporation – deposition, or spin solution-coating method) two layers of film will always form an interpenetrating structure, and therefore greater surface interface. In the body of material to the body resulting from the phase of excitons, the dissemination can be more easily access the interface of two materials, electronic materials, the LUMO energy levels in the receiver to achieve charge separation. At the same time, many studies have shown that the equipment and receiver Dell Inspiron 1521 battery can absorb the frequency corresponding to the formation of exciton-photon, and then the hole in the HOMO energy level to the body of the material injected into the level HOMO energy in the file. Therefore, the exciton can simultaneously on both sides of the interface in the double membrane formation, and diffusion at the interface were isolated. In short, compared to the Schottky-type batteries, with donor assistance – receptor double-membrane structures can significantly improve the separation efficiency of excitons.

In 1992 the Turks Sariciftci (see Salic Karlovci) in the United States found that the state of electronic excitation can be very quickly from molecules of organic semiconductor injected into the C60 molecule (structure shown in Figure 3 ), while the reverse process is much slower. In other words, the semiconductor materials and organic C60 interface, the exciton can reach a very high rate of charge separation and charge separation after the compound at the interface is not easy . Because the C60 is a very large structure conjugate surface, the electrons in orbit by the 60 carbon atoms, the molecular composition of the track from the field, you can play an external mail stabilization effect. Therefore, C60 is a good acceptor of electrons materials. In 1993 Sariciftci on the basis of this discovery is made of heterojunction solar batteries PPV/C60 bilayer. PPV is generally called “poly styrene hold” is a conductive polymer (on conducting polymers will be detailed in another article), is also a typical P-type semiconductor material organic. Since then, with C60 as electron acceptor bilayer heterojunction solar Dell Inspiron 1525 battery after another.

Subsequently, researchers in such solar batteries based on the proposed also an important concept: the mixed heterojunction (bulk heterojunction). “Mixed Heterojunction (bulk heterojunction)” written in English “Bulk Heterojunction,” here is my own translation, it remains a fairly accurate sense of meaning. “Mixed Heterojunction (bulk heterojunction)” concept to the separation process of photoelectric conversion of excitons and transport the carrier in these two constraints. Double-layer film solar batteries, although both films have a larger area of interface, but the exciton is still only in the areas of surface separation, the distance from the interface of the exciton generated by the interface are not yet moved into the enclosure of the. And the rate of organic matter mobility carriers are generally very low at the interface between the gate electrode to the significant loss of movement in the process. These two limits of the dual membrane electro-optical conversion efficiency of the VGP-BPS10 battery.

The so-called “mixed heterojunction is a body of material and acceptor materials are mixed, through co-evaporation method or a spin-coating film made of a mixture. The structure shown in Figure 4, the donor and acceptor to form a mixed film where only one component of the region, including Blue represents the electron donor, electron acceptor yellow. Products at any exciton localization can be contacted via short path to the physical interface with the receiver (eg, surface galling), and therefore the charge separation efficiency has been improved. At the same time, the interface is formed on the load flow the child may also be a shorter way to reach the electrodes, and thus compensate for the shortcomings of the carrier mobility. To meet the requirements of the electrode must be selective electrode. In other words, when the donor and the negative contact, the donor can not be transmitted to the hole in the anode. In a mixed heterojunction, such as the contact is in fact inevitable.

Such a structure is naturally the ideal state of the entire phase donor can be put in contact with the cathode, while all receivers can be contacted at the anode. In the non-ideal state, unable to make contact with the cathode to the mass of the positive charge appears on can be transmitted to the battery on the positive, and therefore this structure is not perfect. However, compared to battery membrane bilayer, the effectiveness of these structures is also clear that organic solar batteries stored in batteries to more efficient hybrid heterojunction remain.

1. Laptop battery when you slow down your computer

The use of laptop batteries used in power saving technology to extend the use of batteries for laptops as part of life in general, laptops with lower CPU frequency, lower frequency GPU, lower brightness display, so saving energy. To do this, have a driver to support, but the software for notebook users with a user friendly interface to facilitate the use of electricity at any time to change configuration, if an urgent need for change can refer to the integrated disk-based related applications. However, the use of batteries is strongly recommended that the best use of energy saving mode, which for lovers of these books is important.

2, desktop icons are too many

There are too many icons on the desktop will also reduce the system boot up speed. Each time you start Windows and displays the desktop, they need to check one by one shortcut icons on the desktop and load, the more icons, more time spent. At the same time that IBM ThinkPad R40 battery some anti-virus software provides the system starts scanning feature, which will take a long time, and if you have antivirus software, open real-time capabilities of control and then start scanning the system becomes somewhat redundant. Suggest that you will not commonly used desktop icons into a special folder or simply deleted, so that the load on the computer, and, naturally, faster and faster! 

3, deleting the history and near Active Desktop

I do not know have not noticed, we should always have been placed on the desktop background of the beautiful, in fact, it is a waste of computer resources! But also slow down the computer application in the application of speed! Wanted to beautify the office, but to slow the speed of the computer, the solution is: On the desktop, press the right button of the mouse, and then, and then in the background “dialog box, select” None “in the” look “dialogue box, the default desktop green instead of black. The closure of Active Desktop who is telling you to disable the Web from the desktop screen, for example, press the right button mouse on the desktop, and then, and then in the background “” dialog, there is a substance called Windows XX, Na Fu is an image from the web. Thus, the Dell Inspiron 1520 battery entire system configuration is not another job not open.

4, change the system boot time

Although you already know how to add and remove some startup programs uncertain, but you also know that in the trunk at the time of the entry of Windows, the computer does what? Or is it what is the implementation process? These procedures must be completed before all who entered Windows, you thought, if we can delete some unnecessary startup programs, the pace will accelerate the start it? The answer is yes! You want to change, according to “Start”, select “Run” then type win.ini, is open, then delete the contents of the following paragraphs is to delete the content, do not even have to delete the title! They include: [compatibility] [compatibility32] [imecompatibility] [compatibility95] [Module Compatibility] and [embedding].

5, set the virtual memory

The hard drive has a data file is very large pet swap, which is reserved for the hp F4812A battery virtual memory system to a temporary location where many applications are often used so frequently the system main memory is to do a lot of access to data and access this file will affect the speed of a very important factor in computer speed. General Windows default by the system to manage virtual memory, it is the light of different procedures for the exchange of files needed to automatically adjust the size, but such larger systems would reduce the additional burden on the operation System slow down! Given this, the user is better defined minimum and maximum virtual memory to avoid frequent changes in size. To set the virtual memory in “My Computer” right click select “Properties” from the “Advanced”, where “efficiency” of the dialog, the “virtual memory” set.  

6, check the application software or drivers

Some programs will start in the computer system when the system slow. If you want this or that reason, we can learn from “safe mode” starts. Because it is the beginning of sony VGP-BPS5 battery origin, “safe mode” is running slower than normal. However If you use “safe mode” found in the computer to start faster than a normal startup boot faster, it’s May cause the system to start a program reason is slow. 

7, police speed

Although Microsoft claims that Windows operating system can be installed in 1000 ~ 1500 types of fonts, but in fact when you install more than 500 kinds of fonts when the problem occurs, for example, the fonts in the list of fonts application disappears and the Windows start-up time has decreased significantly. In this proposal, it would be preferable not to use or not to delete the fonts used, to avoid elimination after the accident, can first make the necessary safeguard.   

8, Kingsoft upgrades can also cause system slow

If you have updated Kingsoft found the system slow, PU occupancy rate was high, then the problem may be that the tyrants of drugs to upgrade the file to blame, if a friend is also the occurrence of the ecprice situation after the upgrade, please do the following treatment: First, the installation directory in the tyrants drug KAExtend.DAT find this file, then delete it, then click on the drug lord “Tools / upgrade online, updated online KAExtend.DAT this document, the final restart of the computer will solve this problem.