digital batteries

Organic solar batteries, by definition, are the central part of the organic matter from the solar batteries. We are not familiar with organic solar batteries, it is reasonable in the matter. Today, mass production of solar batteries, silicon 95% over-based, while less than 5% is made by other inorganic materials.

The concept of organic solar batteries looks like a very new, but in fact, history does not fail – with the history of similar silicon-based solar batteries. The first silicon-based solar Laptop batteries is a Bell Labs was created in 1954, and its photovoltaic conversion efficiency is about 6%, while the first device is an organic photoelectric conversion by Kearns and Calvin established in 1958, the main material Magnesium phthalocyanine (MgPc) dyes, the dye layer is sandwiched between two electrodes of the work function between different files. In this device, they observed the open circuit voltage of 200 mV, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of low are embarrassed to speak. Start the beginning of the sentence Gao Xia Li

After 20 years, innovation in the field of organic solar batteries much, all the device structures reported are similar to the 1958 edition, only two changes of work function between different electrode materials in organic semiconductor variety. The principle of these devices are presented in Figure 1: organic semiconductors in light of the electronic energy levels are delighted homo the LUMO energy level, resulting in a pair of electrons and holes. Electronics is an occupation with low extraction electrode, the hole was from electrodes with high functionality infill electronic form and a photocurrent under the illumination. In theory, the film organic semiconductors and operate two different working electrode contact will result in a different Schottky barrier. This is the charge Photoinduced may be addressed to move from base. And therefore such a structure, the Dell Inspiron 1420 battery is often called “Schottky-type solar batteries organic.

In 1986, the industry is facing a historic breakthrough. To achieve this breakthrough was a Chinese, Kodak, Dr. Deng Qingyun. This era of organic solar batteries used in organic materials, mainly with high efficiency visible light absorption of an organic dye. These dyes are generally used as photosensitive materials, which naturally forces Kodak. Deng Albatron device in the basic structure is a kind of perylene tetracarboxylic derivatives (Tang and former call PV) and copper phthalocyanine (CCEP), consisting of bilayer. Bilayers is the essence of a heterojunction, Deng is the old idea of two kinds of semiconductor materials to mimic organic inorganic heterojunction solar batteries. He has prepared solar batteries, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of around 1%. Even if they are even worse with silicon batteries, but compared to previous Schottky-type battery is a great improvement. It is a fruitful idea to search for organic solar batteries has opened a new path now that the structure of the bilayer heterojunction organic research solar Dell Inspiron 1501 battery is still one of the keys.

Bilayer-type structure heterojunction organic solar battery shown in Figure 2. As the semiconductor material organic body after absorption of photons generated hole – electron pairs, the electron injection materials in organic semiconductor as a receiver, the hole and electronics were isolated. In this system, the p-electron donor, electron acceptor, compared to n-type, hole, and electronic transmission to the two electrodes, respectively, forming photocurrent. And the above “Schottky-type batteries” with the characteristics of these structures is the introduction of a mechanism for charge separation. Compared to the interaction of semiconductor silicon, organic molecules are much smaller between the different molecules and the HOMO and LUMO can not be combined to form a continuous phase in the whole body of the conduction band and the valence band. Carrier transport in organic semiconductors need to load different molecules by a “jump” mechanism for achieving macro-economic performance is the carrier mobility is much lower than in inorganic semiconductors. At the same time, small organic molecules have been excited by absorption of photons can not be done in silicon produced in the conduction band and free electrons leave a hole in the valence band. Optical excitation of small organic molecules, the electrostatic interaction arising through a combination of hole – electron pairs, which is commonly called “excitons (exciton). The existence of excitons limited time, typically on the order of magnitude less than a millisecond, without complete separation of electrons and holes are complex (recombinant), released its energy absorption. Clearly, the isolation of the free electron and hole excitons, light current does not contribute. Yi Gu organic semiconductor in the exciton separation efficiency of the conversion efficiency of opto-electronic Dell Inspiron 1520 battery has a crucial impact.

For the Schottky-type batteries, the separation efficiency of excitons is very problematic. Light-induced formation of excitons, only the diffusion layer in the Schottky junction in the area of the Festival on the electric field can be separated. Other places to form excitons, you must first be transferred into the diffusion layer may be formed in light of the current contribution. However, the migration of excitons in organic dye very limited range, usually below 10 nm. Therefore, most excitons into electrons and holes in the separation of composite lost before. In batteries heterojunction organic results, it is obviously increased the separation efficiency of excitons. The electrons in the LUMO energy level of molecules injected into excited levels of electron acceptor LUMO energy, this process is essentially the separation of the excitons. The interface between two layers of biofilm is not formed. In the process of preparation (thermal evaporation – deposition, or spin solution-coating method) two layers of film will always form an interpenetrating structure, and therefore greater surface interface. In the body of material to the body resulting from the phase of excitons, the dissemination can be more easily access the interface of two materials, electronic materials, the LUMO energy levels in the receiver to achieve charge separation. At the same time, many studies have shown that the equipment and receiver Dell Inspiron 1521 battery can absorb the frequency corresponding to the formation of exciton-photon, and then the hole in the HOMO energy level to the body of the material injected into the level HOMO energy in the file. Therefore, the exciton can simultaneously on both sides of the interface in the double membrane formation, and diffusion at the interface were isolated. In short, compared to the Schottky-type batteries, with donor assistance – receptor double-membrane structures can significantly improve the separation efficiency of excitons.

In 1992 the Turks Sariciftci (see Salic Karlovci) in the United States found that the state of electronic excitation can be very quickly from molecules of organic semiconductor injected into the C60 molecule (structure shown in Figure 3 ), while the reverse process is much slower. In other words, the semiconductor materials and organic C60 interface, the exciton can reach a very high rate of charge separation and charge separation after the compound at the interface is not easy . Because the C60 is a very large structure conjugate surface, the electrons in orbit by the 60 carbon atoms, the molecular composition of the track from the field, you can play an external mail stabilization effect. Therefore, C60 is a good acceptor of electrons materials. In 1993 Sariciftci on the basis of this discovery is made of heterojunction solar batteries PPV/C60 bilayer. PPV is generally called “poly styrene hold” is a conductive polymer (on conducting polymers will be detailed in another article), is also a typical P-type semiconductor material organic. Since then, with C60 as electron acceptor bilayer heterojunction solar Dell Inspiron 1525 battery after another.

Subsequently, researchers in such solar batteries based on the proposed also an important concept: the mixed heterojunction (bulk heterojunction). “Mixed Heterojunction (bulk heterojunction)” written in English “Bulk Heterojunction,” here is my own translation, it remains a fairly accurate sense of meaning. “Mixed Heterojunction (bulk heterojunction)” concept to the separation process of photoelectric conversion of excitons and transport the carrier in these two constraints. Double-layer film solar batteries, although both films have a larger area of interface, but the exciton is still only in the areas of surface separation, the distance from the interface of the exciton generated by the interface are not yet moved into the enclosure of the. And the rate of organic matter mobility carriers are generally very low at the interface between the gate electrode to the significant loss of movement in the process. These two limits of the dual membrane electro-optical conversion efficiency of the VGP-BPS10 battery.

The so-called “mixed heterojunction is a body of material and acceptor materials are mixed, through co-evaporation method or a spin-coating film made of a mixture. The structure shown in Figure 4, the donor and acceptor to form a mixed film where only one component of the region, including Blue represents the electron donor, electron acceptor yellow. Products at any exciton localization can be contacted via short path to the physical interface with the receiver (eg, surface galling), and therefore the charge separation efficiency has been improved. At the same time, the interface is formed on the load flow the child may also be a shorter way to reach the electrodes, and thus compensate for the shortcomings of the carrier mobility. To meet the requirements of the electrode must be selective electrode. In other words, when the donor and the negative contact, the donor can not be transmitted to the hole in the anode. In a mixed heterojunction, such as the contact is in fact inevitable.

Such a structure is naturally the ideal state of the entire phase donor can be put in contact with the cathode, while all receivers can be contacted at the anode. In the non-ideal state, unable to make contact with the cathode to the mass of the positive charge appears on can be transmitted to the battery on the positive, and therefore this structure is not perfect. However, compared to battery membrane bilayer, the effectiveness of these structures is also clear that organic solar batteries stored in batteries to more efficient hybrid heterojunction remain.

The main form of cellular damage to the battery plate sulfation irreversible. The basic characteristics of the battery when the Laptop battery has a capacity for a long period of minimum needs, the board very crystals of lead sulfate will merge, eventually leading to plaque vulcanization. Under the conditions of the current base station, resulting in the direct cause of vulcanization There are several.

1.1 Load floating down

There are many base stations, maintenance personnel were not according to specifications, according to the manufacturer requested that the float voltage set to 52.7V, an average of 2.20V / month. In this charging voltage, due to valve battery back-EMF above 2.19V / a, once the landfill, although there “was sufficient” link, but with a float voltage of 0.01V efficient pricing, loss of capacity is not possible to load circuit was added. Many people believe that float voltage difference of less than 1V there are no major effect on the capacity, should distinguish between the table of voltage command displays the name of the closet Um charging voltage, the actual output of the IBM ThinkPad R51 battery voltage Us, and effective charge difference of tension between the three Uy a basic concept. EMF-based batteries Uf is the relationship between these parameters are:

Uy = Us-UF

For example, the voltage meter shows 54V Um, the whole battery of practices we are 53V, the battery back-EMF is Uf is 51.6V, the charging voltage of the battery Uy effective 53-51.6 = 1.4V.

Only a review of this concept, it means May float voltage below 1V small fluctuations, it will keep the battery capacity of the underlying causes of the considerable influence.

From Figure 1 we can see the curve of charging batteries, 500Ah battery discharge after the float voltage of 2.23V, the capacity can be quickly restored to 66%. Under the conditions of the float in the 2.29V, the corresponding value is 75%. This means that the discharge of the battery capacity fully restored need many days to complete.

Having a base station, the battery installed in the exchange, after a power failure after the time power is independent of 8 hours, 2nd time was 6 hours, 3rd is 4 o’clock. The share of users is the result of poor quality batteries. Instead, this example illustrates the lack thereof will result in a Dell Inspiron 1525 battery to retain the capacity reduction in the structural capacity of the battery can not charge and discharge cycles three times, but fell by 50%.

The base station is valid for the charging voltage is 1.4V. The voltage drop of 0.4V, the charging effects will be reduced by 30%.

Table 1.2 shows the high voltage.

Control cabinet table shows the high voltage is often the case, defenders under the control panel of this table shows the value of the adjustable float voltage, if the spectacle of high K, the battery must be the real float charging voltage on low K Check the ark of the digital voltmeter belonging to measuring devices, measurement tools, management must be calibrated on a regular basis. Talking about here is the tension “and the actual display calibration voltage,” not now remotely operate a float level adjustment of tension. “This work is now maintenance procedures did not apply. Many technical staff do not even know these two are totally different concepts of technical content. Ark of the control voltage show that is to pass the total hp 346970-001 battery voltage analog circuit is converted to 5V below the weakening of the signal to be the computer to recognize. The process of converting analog circuit produce attenuation bias, this part of the detour is necessary calibration and eliminated. Therefore, we use a multimeter require regular calibration and maintenance of technical standards is now no maintenance requirements in this regard is the need to introduce additional criteria for the content. 240 base stations in the survey itself, a control panel of display bias voltage to 0.9V.

1.3 to adapt to low voltage.

Some manufacturers of batteries, the battery is stated on the box, the battery charge voltage of 2.20V to work, “which is to deceive the user. Some staff management in accordance with the “factory requirements, the base station float voltage regulated to this value, resulting in a wide range of batteries are ensuring that there is state capacity. Manufacturers of batteries such a provision is to protect the interests of the factory battery in the float low voltage conditions, water loss from the battery to the less positive grid corrosion is small, the battery will be prolonged. Manufacturers Battery can not bear to maintain capacity due to low, resulting in “off station” ’s liability, but does not engage in the state of the VGP-BPS13 battery is charging less than the liability for damage caused by polymerization.

1.4 behind the battery backup for high EMF

The batteries in series, if one behind the battery, battery back-EMF is increased, the average voltage of 2.23V battery pack, can sometimes be detected by a single voltage of 2.60V. In this state, the control panel in the computer detects the charging voltage was increased, yet there is no battery to a predetermined capacity, they have been wrongly identified as “a been filled to a predetermined value, put the load current, leading to charge less than the actual state of operation of the battery, it happens often. A number of base stations, the two batteries in parallel. In parallel, under conditions of use, the cost of current distribution imbalance occurs, such harm is a way of accelerating development.

1.5 After dehydration against electrolyte, the electric potential and the increased density of condensed

The toshiba PA3421U-1BRS battery is losing the use of water, but do not reduce sulfate density of the electrolyte to increase the battery back-EMF Uf upward, battery back-EMF and density dependence of the relationship between the value of d is:

Uf = 0.85 + d

EMF is a direct consequence of the increase in real decline charging voltage. The end result is charging enough. In the float conditions, the battery must be a true no-load back-EMF voltage and current-voltage and polarization. Bias voltage and intensity are directly related.

Battery water loss is inevitable, the higher the temperature, the rapid loss of water. Commonly called “temperature of 10 ℃, the life expectancy reduced by half,” the law, the actual increase was mainly due to the temperature of the water caused by acceleration lost; temperature increase caused by the Corrosion is secondary. In Luoyang recharge the battery of 30 base stations, the statistical average for each refill 500Ah batteries 800mL, reaching the level of the plant. The calculation shows that compensation of overtime before the electrolyte density, condensed from 1.30 to 1.37g / cm 3, and anti-electric potential to rise to 2.22V. In fact, do not measure such a high electromotive force is due to some of sulfuric acid has been converted into lead sulfate consumed. In the charging voltage of 2.20V, so that apple MacBook Pro 15 inch battery power can be added. Pay on time, not only to protect the battery to run quality, but the real life of the battery in the south of the original 2-year to five years or more, if not rapidly lost battery of additional water, will result in damage to many non-use.

Lead-acid batteries discharge, the positive and negative electrodes on the active substances are converted into lead sulfate PbSO 4, but delays of sulfuric acid micro structure is loose, was cavernous. Then the plates are still in the high energy potential, if the residence time is longer, most would approach the board of crystals of lead sulfate of high potential energy state to a state of low potential energy. At the microeconomic level, is to head PbSO4 Re sulfate crystallization of the initial loose on the left into the right shape to phase plate when the batteries are vulcanized on the state, and indicate the process illustrated in Figure 2. This damage has occurred in the negative, the burden of positive plates produced when the oxygen atom has the ability to PbSO4 in PbO2 lead sulfate, it will not heal the injuries of the positive plate.

Not difficult to understand, the batteries have a longer time on the minimum requirements of state capacity of lead sulfate on the substrate are more cellular damage occurs sulphide. Float electrician normal conditions, batteries will not sulfide.

In the new energy vehicle development in countries and regions around the world have been based on their assessment of different options, research the appropriate technology and Laptop battery development and to encourage support for taking a different strategy. In the current situation as a whole, Japan and the United States and Europe has focused on lithium batteries and fuel cells, but our country to take into account the resources and the maturity of technologies, the accent newly released policies on the promotion of nickel-hydride batteries in metal.

Ni-MH battery to become the object of political support China’s current

In our letter of the Department of June 25, the “new energy automotive manufacturing companies and the rules of access management products,” the vehicle, according to new energy vehicles, systems and key deadlines assembly technology, the degree of perfection of the national and industry standards, and industrial degree of difference will be divided into initial phase where the development period, three different stages of maturity of the technology and give Management classified.

According to state regulators, the home-products only in the production of small BTP-43D1 volumes, and only in approved areas, scope, duration and conditions of model runs, and the operational status of all products for real-time monitoring, product development phase allows the mass production only the approved area, scope, duration and conditions of sale, use, and at least 20% of sales of products running in the real-time monitoring, mature products and conventional products for the automobile, “the automakers and ad management product even in the sale and use of the same products with conventional automotive .

This means that in China, December 31, 2010, equipped with lithium batteries and hybrid electric vehicles will be limited to the sale and use areas, use nickel-metal hydride battery and hybrid electric vehicles can be sold and used across the country.

Experts believe that the reason why countries are now central to the development of lithium nickel-hydride batteries, metal, the main reason is that the nickel-hydride technology of metals of the battery is more mature than the Lithium, the most abundant mineral resources, the future of new energy vehicles will track better access to the advertising phase. “Ni-MH – Lithium-Ion Dell Inspiron 1525 battery- fuel cell,” Industrialization Path

In the three commonly used types of car batteries, batteries lead acid to cause serious pollution of the environment has long been out of the consumer applications, nickel-metal hydride batteries, although the marketing of the integrating the moment, but key indicators of laboratory data were lower than lithium batteries, and the basic theory, there is no room for; lithium despite superior performance, but still can not be guaranteed safety and the relatively high costs have also affected its business.

Experts predict that the new energy vehicles will be in the “Ni-MH – Lithium-Ion battery – fuel cell” industry-oriented development path. From the trend of development and rates, and short-term performance can be achieved only with nickel-hydrogen batteries, nickel-hydride technology of metal drums since the most mature in the next three years, will remain the mainstream new energy vehicles, followed by nickel-hydride technology of metals of the lithium and iron phosphate, hydrogen fuel cell-thirds of the world, 5-year lithium batteries and will be gradually replaced by fuel cells. Battery giant Panasonic and Sanyo also found that lithium-ion hp 346970-001 battery can be replaced within 2 ~ 3 years, nickel-hydrogen batteries, mainly due to cheaper nickel-safe hydrogen batteries, has reached high production wide. Lithium batteries also need to continue to research topics such as security, so take time business.

According to economic analysis of Japan Fuji mainstream nickel-metal hydride batteries will be able to continue until 2011, but after 2011, Li-ion battery will gradually erode the market share of nickel-hydride batteries, metal The agency predicted in 2009 Ni-MH rechargeable battery market vehicles world-wide as the previous year by 23.7% to ¥ 92,000,000,000, but the 2015 Ni-MH rechargeable battery-vehicle market will be reduced to ¥ 55,000,000,000 .

Market demand for nickel-hydrogen batteries to save 2-3 years of rapid growth in

Nickel-technology hydrogen fuel cell, and the industry chain to determine their maturity will be a period of time with the coexistence of lithium batteries, lithium iron phosphate cathode material for lithium batteries allows the emergence of performance and cost advantage has been achieved, but stability of the capacity gaps and lack of verification of actual operation continues to be a part of the new energy discourage automobile manufacturers; In contrast, nickel-hydrogen VGP-BPS2B batteries have gone through many years of fighting, technical and industrial chains are quite perfect, in a short period of time can be formed on the vehicle stability and supporting capacity and can therefore still be a period of time in the new energy vehicles and widely applicable.

According to industry estimates, the market for nickel-hydrogen cell is still expected to get 2-3 years of rapid growth over the next 2-3 years, “10 City 1000″ program, the growing popularity of hybrid cars and export markets overseas for nickel and other factors make hydrogen market demand from the battery to strong growth, and when the nickel-hydride batteries, metal and batteries Lithium is still Nanfenbozhong when the nickel-hydrogen batteries will usher in a short period of rapid growth.

Among them, China has launched a “10 City, 1000″ How to get the first batch of nickel demand hydrogen battery market. It is estimated that in “10 City, 1000″ program, about 3200-4000 vehicles, new energy vehicles (including buses and cars) using Chinese-made nickel-hydrogen batteries in three years , bringing a total of about 3.5-4.4 one million kilowatts-hour nickel-hydrogen toshiba PA3399U-2BRS battery needs.

Together, both domestic demand and exports weakened in 2012 after the nickel-hydrogen batteries are gradually replaced by lithium batteries.

Maintaining the pace of R & D policy

In the production of automotive battery business in China with a production capacity of nickel-hydrogen batteries have represented the majority of companies, including Chunlan Group, Ke-Li Yuan, the Torch High Technology, Hunan Shenzhou share Kane etc., which Chunlan Group is the nickel-metal hydride HEV battery power technology, leading market shares in a leading position in the Torch High Technology and Hunan Shenzhou possessed a certain amount of technical base and position market.

As for the lithium battery, most domestic manufacturers are not capable of mass production, but the planning of the corresponding production has been implemented, it is expected after 2010 are capable of mass production.

Experts believe that technological advances, prices for cars in China and business related to the battery in addition to promoting the industrialization of nickel-hydride batteries, metal, more attention should be some of long term, to devote resources to research and lithium battery development, and maintaining fuel cell monitoring techniques to fill a broader energy market new car is ready.