digital batteries

In practice, due to the difference between two lithium batteries monomers, after a period of loading and unloading of the battery and found the only upper and lower voltage appears uneven phenomenon seriously affect system performance. In response to this situation raises the equilibrium and under the concept of equilibrium, then the lithium Laptop battery, the next in-depth study of a balanced circuit. Experimental results show that lithium batteries several correctness of circuit design balanced system design of high performance hybrid has laid a solid foundation.

Devices for energy storage for dynamic current of the battery are: the lead-acid batteries, nickel-hydride batteries, metal and lithium-ion batteries.

Span of lead acid batteries contain toxic substances like lead, and high energy density is low, charge and discharge and short life, the refractory waste and other shortcomings, has been largely eliminated by future systems energy storage [1].

Ni-MH batteries are alkaline batteries, due to tension monomer is relatively low, and there is “memory effect” on a regular basis the large-scale dumping is necessary, which greatly increased the tasks of system power management . Secondly, its also self-discharge rate (10% ~ 15%) of defects [2-3].

In comparison with other batteries, lithium-ion IBM ThinkPad T40 battery with high power density (800W/Kg), single high-voltage (average voltage of 3.6 V), does not pollute the environment, self-rate discharge is low (about 3% ~ 5%), there is no “memory effect” and other characteristics, is an ideal battery power [4], it has been widely used in mobile power , hybrid cars, the switchgear and low voltage devices in standby power, such as space flight, the device energy storage.

An internal force of the lithium-circuit fault protection

Monomer average voltage of lithium battery is only 3.6 V, the discharge current also certain requirements. To improve the current system and level of tension, in some occasions, generally use parallel dynamic series after the formation of high-current, high voltage Li-ion battery as the energy systems. As the voltage is very sensitive to lithium batteries, batteries are generally increased when using a certain protection circuit. View the most dynamic of the internal circuitry of lithium battery protection was found, its protection circuit is fairly simple, usually only over / under voltage / over current / short circuit protection. In normal use, this hp F4486B battery can be normal in a short time of loading and unloading. However, the inclusion of the protection circuit with lithium batteries used in systems for hybrid electric vehicles are going through a phase of high current discharge and charge, we found the maximum voltage between monomers and lower voltages serious inconsistency: Yes monomer other batteries in charging the battery voltage is always under normal conditions, because its threshold voltage has reached the maximum protection of recharge channels are closed, resulting in the total pressure on the entire energy system can not pre-determined requirements, another set of monomer battery voltage is still within the normal discharge conditions, because of its voltage reaches the lower threshold voltage is closed to protect discharge channel, causing the entire energy system can not be fully discharged. These two phenomena have seriously affected the performance of energy systems for monitoring the equalization of the toshiba PA3383U-1BRS battery is to solve the above-mentioned phenomenon of the most effective approach.

2 Improved Lithium Battery Protection Circuit Principle

A balanced circuit is the first man to reach the hardware circuit, which may limit the battery voltage of the monomer or monomer between the coherence between the minimum voltage to effectively protect the battery charge voltage and lower the ceiling voltage discharge , from a fundamental to reduce the impact of the battery on the system to improve battery performance and extended to battery life. It includes the balance and balance of both types of circuit to its name suggests, they were the maximum protection of the battery voltage and the voltage limit of the battery.

In this paper, two sets of vehicle design hybrid electric power system: Series 3 Li-ion battery system protection (maximum voltage of 12.75V, the average discharge voltage of 10.8 V) and channel 10 system lithium apple M8403 battery protection (maximum voltage of 42.5V, the average discharge voltage 36V), discharge current, 10A and 40A respectively. System principle illustrated in Figure 1, which is in its protective circuit basis (over / under voltage / temperature / over current / short circuit protection) based joins the upper and lower balance circuit.

2.1 EQ TL431

TL431 is a three-terminal shunt tube regulator, its basic features can be found in reference [5] This article, based on the characteristics of their designs on the balance of the circuit shown in Figure 2. Adjust R1, R2, R3 resistance when the voltage exceeds a set value when they opened TL431, through the resistor R * Power consumption of energy to reduce battery voltage to reach a fixed point (equilibrium point). With the internal electric vehicles and electric vehicles equipped with a balanced circuit experimental results when the balance to be 4.20V, the resistance values are: R1 = 68kΩ, R2 = 100kΩ, R3 = 4.3kΩ.

The balance of the next circuit based on TL431 as shown in Figure 3. When the switch is off, because of optocoupler 817 is not opened before the class to optocoupler circuit also unable to work after school, the work of the BATCL50L battery in a state of normal discharge; When closed, the Post optocoupler optocoupler stage with the opening of the first class one after another opened, the circuit through the resistor R18 to reduce energy consumption and protect the chips sent until the voltage battery is low to protect the chip to force the battery voltage is stable at its low voltage limit Vmin, to achieve the objective and balanced.

From this principle of a balanced circuit can be seen that the current balance of the circuit can not exceed the upper limit of protection TL431 current (70mA or so). Capacity constraints due to a balanced, high-current charge and discharge can be applied between the circuit. To increase the balance of the circuit without compromising the ability of TL431, the TL431 can be used in parallel.

2.2 Parallel equalizer TL431

TL431 shunt and balanced the circuit shown in Figure 4. The principle is similar to Figure 3, only through parallel TL431 for the balanced expansion of current targets. Found in the actual production, as TL431 has a small difference between doing two average balance of power is not entirely consistent. To reduce the occurrence of these phenomena, the general screening methods to improve the TL431 for these circuits, which probably increased the workload of production.

2.3 Improving the equalizer TL431

To improve the balance of the capacity of the circuit, while reducing the workload of the TL431 output filter, this article using the 8550 design of an improved balance of the circuit of power transistor as shown in Figure 5. Once the extra power when TL431 will open, 8550 launch of a PN junction due to handle pressure and opening resistors consumes IBM ThinkPad T41 battery power until the battery voltage on the equilibrium point. Once balanced, the figure would be light-emitting light-emitting diode has played the role of operational instructions. By adjusting the set R1, R2, R3 resistance, they can set the balance point of the upper spring. Figure R1, R2, R3 resistance is relatively large, after the close of the TL431 little effect on the equilibrium point can be ignored. And the balanced circuit is also shown in Figure 5, only a change of R1, R2, R3 corresponding resistance.

3 Experimental results

The compositions of these functions with a string of 10 Office of Protection of lithium batteries a 400W DC motor driven experiments and found that all protective plates in a lithium battery when the total pressure of about 42.5V charging off tube protection against surges on the ground, pressure or almost total 29.2V for the discharge out of the market when the protection of the tube voltage, protecting the plate with a battery pack lithium in the testing stage for overcurrent detected: discharge current of 39A or more, the protective panels were made over-current protection, temperature of 109 ° C when the switch in the off-discharge circuit, the effective protection of the market of the discharge tube. The above data indicate that the circuit is essentially achieved the over / under voltage / over current / over-temperature protection, the basic requirements.

After a long round-trip charge-discharge test, collect relevant data, drawings, can be achieved without a balanced circuit waveforms comparing the experimental data are: the balance of the circuit of a hp PP2182D battery lithium and lithium 2 upper limit of the variation in battery voltage, such as that shown in Figure 6 and Figure 7, the ultimate balance of protection of lithium batteries 3 times the upper limit of battery voltage changes as shown in Figure 8, and balanced with the protection of batteries and lithium batteries 4 of 5 threshold voltage to change the battery of Figure 9 and Figure 10 shows the non-balanced circuit with 6 cells Lithium minimum voltage of the battery as shown in Figure 11. Figure 1, the points of all curves measured for the first time the limit of the battery (bottom) voltage, curve 2 points for long term running of the toshiba PA3395U-1BRS battery measured upper limit (lower) the voltage value.

On the accession of a balanced circuit the maximum voltage of the battery is maintained at an equilibrium point of 4.22V and 4.18V or more, effective protection of the upper limit of the battery voltage, non circuit to balance the maximum voltage of the battery which seems random, by virtue of membership of a balanced circuit the battery voltage level is maintained below the equilibrium point around 2.91V, the effective protection of the lower end of the battery voltage, non-balanced circuit limits the voltage of the battery which seems chaotic, badly damaging the battery life of the nature of coherence and the.

This departure from the practice of engineering, the dynamic nature of lithium batteries in a phase of high flow discharge occurred after the upper and lower limits of the phenomenon of unequal tension is proposed based on the balance of the circuit TL431, and lithium-depth study of a balanced circuit. Practical results show that the design and balanced on the balance circuit and the circuit not only ensures high speed of discharge of the battery after the battery requirements of consistency, but also effectively protect the battery voltage the upper and lower limits for the further study of high battery performance energy storage systems and hybrid systems for electric vehicles has laid a solid foundation.

In recent years, electric vehicles extraordinarily rapid development momentum, and many people like the green of this convenient means of transport, use of electric vehicles, according to incomplete statistics, the number of people in the country were put on a million, but 90% of users experiencing the same problems six months after the use of electric cars, cars Pao Bule how we should load – is a sharp decrease in Laptop battery capacity. This is the commitment of the distributor of origin: Our cycle battery life of up to two years, replacing the battery for one year if there are quality issues, the battery is completely different for a half – year began to age, so most consumers are looking for distribution operators to replace the battery.

Dealers spend a lot of energy, time tested the battery and the battery is no big problem, they put the drums a little maintenance, maintenance of back to consumers may be near the battery looks the same problem, cars Pao Bule How much we should charge in order to avoid complaints. In no other choice but dealers will be issues with battery manufacturers, battery manufacturers, but they are unable to explain the difficulties the actual design and the battery charge-discharge cycle tests indicate that the cycle of life is indeed more than three years when the production process in strict compliance with quality control may be why much of the battery will be after six months of aging? Return rates rise sharply? In the end that broke our batteries?

To this end, I visited a number of professional skills of experts in cell research and academics, including Shenzhen map of America was the inventor of the shipper frequency pulse Jiang Haiqing us said: “Batteries not misuse, but poor support.” The IBM 40Y6799 battery is the source of premature aging cheap charger, this charger is simply to accelerate the aging batteries.

I survey also revealed that: At present, many manufacturers of chargers blindness in the pursuit of short-term benefits of price competition “lowest price best” To this end, they are so reduce production costs for shippers to use some electronic components at low prices, and a simple constant current, constant voltage, the charge mode of maintenance of three “low” to meet market demand for the acceptance of so-called consumers to increase product sales and corporate profits, Who would have thought that such low-power chargers, battery low now is the acceleration of the root causes of cellular aging.

Why is this so? First, let’s look at the work of the lead acid battery loading and unloading process: lead acid battery charging and discharging processes of electrochemical reaction is the process of charging, lead sulfate to form lead oxide, discharges of lead oxide is reduced to lead sulfate. Lead sulphate is very easy to crystalline material, when the Dell Inspiron B130 battery electrolytic solution of sulfuric acid concentration of lead is too high or too long a period of inactivity when the static lead sulfate will “take as a group” for form small crystals, which lead sulphate small crystals of lead sulfate and attract around like a snowball that the inertia of the formation of large crystals of sulphate of lead crystal after the small current at low voltage , on the basis of pricing, not only reduces the lead oxide can not be recycled, but will also speed up the deposit attached to the plate electrode ON, which causes a gradual decline of the working area plate electrode (which is also a low power, low current load-lead low-grade battery charger acid to accelerate the root causes of aging), this phenomenon is that people are called sulfate, which is often said aging. Then the battery capacity will decrease gradually until it can not be used. When the lead sulfate will also attract a large number of stacking of lead particles during the formation of conducting sticks, through positive and negative plates of lead sticks between the bridge and cause short-circuit the battery. If the electrode surface or seal molded case has several cracks, crystals of lead sulfate builds up in these cracks and produce tension expanded and eventually burst into the washer or break the shell, causing the hp PP2182D battery can not repair the physical damage.

Second, this low cost charger constant voltage phase of post-gas analysis very serious (that is, a serious loss of water), it directly affects the cycle life of lead acid batteries, This phase of the load current is smaller reaction combination plate is not full access to the runoff phase responsible for the reference method to a sample of high precision is not caused by the battery at an advanced stage of severe dehydration , which can exceed 20% loss of water, charging the latter part of the rapid increase in temperature above 40 degrees above normal, the sharp increase in self-defense, even if the battery is fully charged, the charger can not be filled after the bifurcation load, so that after 180 charge cycles, the battery in the group inevitably arise between the voltage of the single cell capacity and the level of difference 260 cycles, after a decline caused premature battery capacity, aging, damage.

To correct the dehydration and sulfate battery problem, Shenzhen, pulse charger inverter card America was repeated for several years of routine testing that uses non-symmetrical micro-tech digital control, monitoring real-time voltage battery and the current changes, dynamic load frequency adjustment, the use of specific impulse, so continue to organize, activate the sony VGP-BPS5 battery plates so that the plate has always been to maintain a “status” clean, ensuring that each count of the best. America card was also set up internal charger substantially the value of the instantaneous frequency high voltage current pulse can effectively remove the sulphate to clear the circuit, so that regeneration to restore the crystals of lead sulfate in the oxide lead to repair old batteries, semiconductor physical terms, as long as sufficient if the high voltage breakdown of an insulating layer may be, once the insulation was ventilation, lead sulfate of thickness will be rendered conductive state, the strong current under the action of oxidation-reduction re-generate the lead and sulfuric acid, to participate in the electrochemical reaction. If the pulse width short enough support, we can ensure that low-cost power generated in no time under the conditions of the analysis of the breakdown of gas crystals of lead sulfate to do so without compromising battery According to the principle of using the elimination of sulfate impulse to restore the battery capacity, so that the normal battery to extend the cycle life of more than twice the results.

America card was such a pricing method can not only reduce water loss and prevention of cell aging, but also repair old batteries to improve performance of low temperature discharge. Finally, I again appeal to the user being aware of their method of charging fees to save money for themselves, but also for the country to conserve energy to reduce lead acid batteries on the environment caused by pollution to make a contribution.

Period of lead acid batteries commonly used in 1-2 years, maintenance of batteries for electric vehicles, good or bad a direct impact on battery life, so that consumers have the daily maintenance of the Laptop battery to the following:

1, the battery without memory effect, no need to discharge;

2, the first charge, should be a continuous load 18 hours;

3, the proposed travel 30-35 miles, and then load;

4, the battery is no longer permitted to detain without charge, under normal circumstances, the best time to allocate for each additional six weeks of electricity;

5, to grow in the low-speed climbing and load when the pedal is good practice to help you.

Which electric car battery good?

Battery electric bicycle plastic mainly silver, lead, lithium, nickel-hydrogen type. Among them, the battery plastic money has basically been off the market, while lead acid batteries in the course now, it is more durable than the silver plastic Dell Latitude X1 battery, the average life expectancy of a maximum of one year and a half, and because the use is very popular, so the replacement and repair is also more convenient. Lithium and nickel-metal hydride battery is a new market for the preferred electric car, they live longer, but the price is even higher than in other types of batteries for vehicles to your last thousand dollars.

In addition, various types of batteries is not only price, life is different from its weight is also very different, lead-acid battery weighs 13 kg, while lithium batteries and weighs just over 2 kilograms, the weight of nickel-metal hydride battery rows between the two, so you buy an electric car should also take into account the convenience of vehicles, in the absence of suitable sites for parking lot, the hard work necessary for daily move to the next, it is recommended you may want to buy lithium battery electric vehicles, if your house all the parking practice, then you really have a choice.

Maintenance free batteries Maintenance

First, the maintenance requirements

1, check whether the car’s battery and set the outer surface, if there is a bump hurt.

2 battery cables are connected and reliable, if there is dust vent.

3, through the hp PP2182D battery on the ocular inspection of electrical charge and the quality of the state, Green said that qualified blacks, reported a loss of electricity, White said that the battery is damaged to be replaced.

Secondly, the additional costs

1, so long, do not use the vehicle load or system failure, the load when the battery voltage drops below 10V, no-load voltage is below 12.4V be charged.

2, fans of popular songs constant current electrical load limitation method, multi-battery charger should be used only in series.

3, collecting the first step, the battery capacity, 1 / 10 of the load current, the charging current of 6A. An average load of each sony VGP-BPS2 battery voltage reaches the 16A and amended for the second phase of loading.

4, the second charge stage, the current capacity of the battery × 0,045 costs, such as the 6-QW-60 battery, charging current is 60 × 0.045 = 2.7A. An average load of each cell voltage reaches 16V, then continue to charge 3 to 5 hours.

5, charging the electrolyte humidity over 40 degrees, should be taken to stop the charge, reduce the cooling being or physical, when the humidity reaches 45 degrees, to stop the charge.

6 rooms load to ensure proper ventilation, not allowed to have an open flame and flammable.

7, standard sufficient electricity, electric green eyes.

Thirdly, Fast Charge

1, the fast charge is restricted to vehicles not able to launch emergency measures, the period granted to the extent possible under the conditions of ordinary charger.

2, being quick to load the LCBTP03003 battery capacity of 3 / 10.

3, fast charging time of less than 2 hours.

4, responsible for system fault diagnosis

1, near where additional power under a variety of measures of motor speed and battery voltage between the two poles should column of 13.8 × 14.5 V. If less than the carrying capacity 13.8V output system is not sufficient explanation, higher than the regulator voltage of 14.4 V shows out of control, need to verify the cause of the malfunction.

2, almost all use electrical appliances, open the battery cable, cable clip and string in the ammeter between the pole to measure the leakage current. Remove the quartz, the control unit of the normal consumption of energy, such as leakage current is too large, can put aside each compliance assurance in turn reduces leakage.

3, if the eye color is green power, but he is a starter at low speed, requiring the use of battery tester checks battery voltage discharge. When measured by the charging voltage is above 10V can be used normally by the charging voltage is below 10V May still exist after the loss of electro kinetic phenomena, should be replaced with new ones.