digital batteries

Major polysilicon solar cells in the world of commodities, even if China became the world’s largest producer of solar cells, but a long period of polycrystalline silicon heavily dependent on high cost imported from abroad, manufacturers of household solar cells to earn only modest processing fee. Sony VGP-BPS2 Sony VGP-BPS2A

Recent years, with LDK Solar, Sichuan Xinguang a number of companies such as the introduction of foreign technology, have launched the polysilicon, self-sufficient rate of raw material polysilicon China has been improved. However, as technology and process control is not yet in place, costs of production of polysilicon in China of high energy consumption and has become the solar photovoltaic industry in China in the development of ‘a “flawed”, appears stronger step by step to maintain the polycrystalline silicon industry in China, facing the “destruction” of the dangerous.

Single-energy plant in Nanchang equals 1 / 4

In the current domestic production of polycrystalline silicon business to come from behind K LD LDK PV Silicon Technology Co., Ltd in the production of polycrystalline silicon, investment called “big ticket” items, the information already made public view, 1 .5 million tons of nominal capacity is currently the largest single plant capacity. Inspiron 1720 battery Inspiron 1721 battery

This major project is located in Xinyu City, Jiangxi Province, Jinan International Development and Science based photovoltaic technology, covers an area of 1.162 million square meters, annual production of 3,000 tonnes of five electronic online production of quality polysilicon comprising the popular use of international news “improved Siemens Law” producing polycrystalline silicon materials. Project in September 2007 began the construction of the second half of the production process in 2009.

The production of polycrystalline silicon with high energy consumption, including most of the power consumption. According to Jiangxi Provincial Environmental Protection Bureau Savi produce 15,000 tons of polysilicon project approved, the project is put into production, annual consumption of diesel is about 209,000 tons, the annual two months of 3.2 billion kWh of electricity, only the consumption power plant is equivalent to the total electricity consumption in Nanchang 1 / 4 ’s, does not plant the living energy, the production of consumption total energy per kilogram of polysilicon to 213 kWh. A1175 MacBook Pro 15 inch battery

Energy giant as a number of SMEs in the production of polycrystalline silicon on the higher energy consumption. Shijiazhuang Dongming Silicon Technology Co., Ltd. in December last year, the production company of polysilicon, the annual production of 200 tonnes. According to the office of the society, said Zhang Xin, director of the investment firm is a company of leather, mainly to see the industry make money, they buy a company of Luoyang, Henan province Siemens France improved technology, began in July last year, day and night to catch up with advances in less than half of production. Currently, companies producing polysilicon 18 tons per month, the electricity consumption of 3.5 million yuan to 0.5 yuan per kilowatt per month, 7 million kWh of consumption, production and energy consumption per kilogram of polysilicon to 389 kWh.

All energy recovery two to three years

Such high energy consumption, make the development of this industry should be limited to even prohibit development? In fact, the same high energy-consuming industries and China’s iron and steel, electrolytic aluminum, has compared the two industries, the production of polycrystalline silicon for the energy consumption per unit output value is lower than steel and aluminum. Satellite A80 battery Satellite M100 battery

CPPCC member and president of Nanchang University School of weeks photovoltaic Lang has been specifically measured, despite the production of energy consumption per ton of polysilicon as steel and aluminum, but much higher than the price of polysilicon per tonne of steel and electrolytic aluminum, even if the price of polysilicon from a peak of U.S. $ 400 per kilogram has fallen to its current level of about $ 70 U.S., consumption energy per unit of polysilicon output value is always less than steel and aluminum.

From polycrystalline silicon for solar photovoltaic modules produce electricity, the power consumption of the whole process, according to control Suntech Power Co., Ltd., and Professor Zhou Lang has calculated that the average light conditions in our region, the installation of one megawatt solar power system V, the annual production of approximately 120 million kilowatt hours, and 1 watt of silicon solar cell integrated power system production facility 3 kwh under the terms of megawatts of solar photovoltaic power generation system was installed to produce three million kwh, only 2.5 years can be recovered balance its own power. As each level of the difference in energy companies, domestic solar polycrystalline silicon photovoltaic power generation system, the average payback period for installation of energy between two to three years. With low energy consumption, the payback period will be further reduced. ThinkPad R50 battery ThinkPad R51 battery

Currently, domestic production of solar modules around the life of 25 years, as calculated to produce the solar component in achieving the production of recovered energy, almost need to consume more electricity can power about 22 years, and there are no emissions. In fact, even 25 years later, the efficiency of solar module production there about 25 years to 80% may still be used for a long period of time. ZHOU Lang said: “Our country has the will of the international community in 2020 emissions of carbon dioxide per unit of GDP in 2005 dropped by 40% compared to -45%, non-accounts of the fossil energy for the proportion of primary energy consumption has reached about 15%. Among these, after the wind electricity from nuclear power after the general development of the production of photovoltaic solar energy will open at spring development. ”

Saving Imperative

Although the view recovery cycle, production of polycrystalline silicon solar cell module of electricity consumed can be recovered in 2023. However, China’s production of polycrystalline silicon consumption per unit of energy is much higher than the world advanced level, which is also our polysilicon production costs are much higher than the world advanced level, once the world’s highest level for the seven main groups of price reductions abroad collective, our existing production of polysilicon companies will face huge losses, the industry polysilicon China, there will be danger of destruction. F4812A HSTNN-lB31

Zhou Lang explained that at present abroad, seven manufacturers of major producers of polysilicon overall consumption of energy per kilogram of polysilicon -150 kWh 120 kWh between the two, and our average level of business manufacture of polysilicon over 200 kWh, and many small factories and even the level of more than 300 billion kwh. Production costs of polysilicon, the energy is precisely the most important, China’s production status of polysilicon high energy consumption, resulting in production of polycrystalline silicon internal costs are much higher than in the world advanced level.

Photoelectric Technology Co., Ltd. Sun, general manager of Jiangxi Peng said, at present, the international market price of U.S. $ 60 on the polysilicon -70 U.S. dollars, local businesses to produce a pound of silicon cost polycrystalline -50 U.S. $ 40 dollars more in between, overseas and seven major polysilicon cost of manufacturing firms U.S. $ 20 -30 dollars. Once the seven major groups of overseas prices lower collective enterprises producing polycrystalline silicon in China will face bankruptcy. Aspire 3000 battery LCBTP03003

In addition, the polysilicon industry, are capital-intensive industries, a huge investment, higher rates of corporate assets and liabilities. For LDK Solar LDK Solar Co., Ltd. silicon technology projects a yearly production of 15,000 tonnes of polysilicon, for example, total investment of over 10.0 billion euros, with investment of just over 100 million yuan in environmental protection. From the journalist who interviewed a number of companies photovoltaic comprehensive estimates of the polycrystalline silicon industry assets-liabilities ratio averaged over 60%, once a bankrupt company, the banks will bear the losses enormous loan.

For the high energy of the polycrystalline silicon industry in China, the industry there is a crisis of the status quo, Zhou Long, Peng professionals in these proposals, the state should take measures to encourage businesses, research institutes, such as the production of polysilicon and reduce the consumption of a joint scientific research and encourage enterprises from sales revenue to extract a greater proportion of R & D spending, set production and reducing consumption of technical and technological improvements. 402018-001 371790-001

Lithium-ion rechargeable battery of the 20th century, early 90s has been officially practice in less than 20 years, the ability of a rapid increase in the rapidly growing market. It is estimated that in the future be extended to the use of electric vehicles and portable power environmentally friendly storage and other areas.

Lithium-ion rechargeable Laptop battery status and challenges and future directions of development of an interview with the practical stage for many years before the study in the development, known as the father of lithium Parents Chief Executive of Sony, Executive Director of the Spanish-American thread. (Interviewer: Security Hideo)

Q: Lithium-ion rechargeable batteries are used to expand the way up?

West: 90 years in the 20th century, the import issue, we once made home video cameras, and MD players, AV products such as the application of lithium-ion rechargeable battery goal. But this time a very small production alone can fully satisfy the market simply did not anticipate that the IBM ThinkPad T40 battery will become consumer products.

However, soon begin using lithium-ion laptop battery, this market began to grow rapidly. We learn that at that time played a computer makers “from New York to Los Angeles route five hours without charges,” the ads have played an important role. Another period of universal prosperity and promoting the development of lithium-ion rechargeable batteries for notebook computers, and cell phone.

In the 21st century, lithium-ion batteries has begun to have digital cameras, power tools (PowerTool) and game consoles such as adoption. The face of the building society low-carbon future requirements in the time it is estimated will use in future hybrid vehicles, electric vehicles, industrial and domestic fixed power expansion.

Lithium-ion rechargeable Dell Inspiron E1705 battery with technological development, its energy density is increasing each year. To ensure safety measures can be combined. These measures have contributed to market expansion.

Q: To improve the energy density is the key to what? Energy density of the future will be raised?

West: to improve the energy density of batteries, there are two ways. Firstly, to produce electricity without reducing the contribution of the Ministry of material, such as thinning of positive and negative electrodes of the collector body and the diaphragm to reduce the binder and conductive auxiliary material. In short, through the battery designed to improve. But the limits of this approach.

Another method is to increase the active electrode (positive and negative) of the unit of weight or capacity per unit volume. The material development has long been underway. LiCoO2 cathode of lithium-ion rechargeable hp PP2182D battery early start to close at nearly the theoretical limit of the ability to use, totally dependent on improving the performance capacity of the battery anode.

For example, the initial negative lithium-ion rechargeable battery using carbon (coke), its capacity 250mAh / g around the initial charge, discharge efficiency, but about 80%. And now, the negative carbon (graphite) the ability to infinitely close to the theoretical capacity of 372mAh / g, the initial efficiency of over 95%. The energy density, respectively, in the 200Wh/kg early 80Wh/kg to 600Wh/kg present 220Wh/kg.

However, the negative carbon (graphite) under the condition of the sony VGP-BPS2A battery capacity has now almost reached the theoretical limit, it is imperative that the development of a new generation of negative. Other material of tin (Sn) and silicon (Si), the old theory, three times the capacity of graphite, which is 10 times higher than in graphite.

On the other hand, the cathode material in terms of capacity and basic living is not progress. Capacity larger than LiCoO2 cathode are LiNiO2 is expected at the cathode is increased by 10 ~ 20%. However, LiNiO2 the issue of security is very broad, is virtually useless.

Recently, some products are used in lithium-ion battery voltage toshiba PA3399U-1BAS battery to 4.2 V or more, such as 4.4V, the value of discharge current is the same as the energy capacity (Wh) increase cathode material.

As indicated above, at least in terms of negative from the material capacity is correct.

Q: To improve the energy density, should pay attention to what is the problem?

West: using demand side is not necessarily limited to capacity. Emphasis on output characteristics of certain purposes, such as power tools, while the satellite with the auxiliary power focused on the characteristics of the cycle. Sometimes requires cycles to reach 15 million times, far more than the apple iBook G4 12 inch battery from the computer.

Must take to meet the above requirements of materials and design methods. Of course, all properties have excellent battery is nonexistent. The emphasis on performance, depending on what is to decide what battery to use materials and adopt design.

And, not only to meet these multiple requirements, the safety of this important and indispensable element should be compliance. Consequently, the resulting safety factors must be considered and what is the nature of matter and how to develop materials to reduce these factors.

For example, if, as mentioned above, to SI as a negative, the negative capacity of carbon materials can reach more than 10 times, but also consider other features (such as load characteristics and the characteristics of cycle) and security. In addition, if we adopt the SI followed the cathode material of origin in order to maintain a balance with the negative, positive living matter worth increased to 10 times the thickness of coating. But in fact it is not possible.

Given this, only individual to improve the negative, not to improve the characteristics of the TravelMate 290 battery itself, but also need to re-consider the positive electrode, electrolyte and separator and all other materials.

Finally, to ensure the security problems faced by developers face. Top of battery power is sealed in a narrow space limitations. And use a bit of a slow release of energy. Sometimes, however, for some reason, a sudden release of energy. Cause an accident.

Devoting more resources to the energy released could be higher, thus a higher risk. Therefore, the higher the energy density, safety measures, the most important.

Increasing the energy capacity, with the corresponding security VGP-BPS2B measures essential for development.

Q: What are the essential safety measures?

West: As already mentioned, due to higher energy density, the greater the risk, so that security issues more important.

No single cause of the accident. Need to understand the positive active material, negative active material, electrolyte, separator and a satchel and all others in the process of loading and unloading of the moving mechanism and its impact safety.

Recently, the cost of increased competition, the technical side and the seller proposed to reduce the cost of production sites have become more demanding. Although you may think replaced by cheaper materials and shorten the manufacturing cycle and other methods, but the technical aspects to take into account those pairs of Dell 6Y270 battery performance, particularly in security, the impact for the maintenance of a place can not make concessions attitude.

On the other hand, the concern is not without the aid of the party not in compliance with the design of the battery using the designated location request. I also heard that because of the construction machine side strongly demands for fast, its temptations, the charging voltage is designed to limit the phenomenon of over 4.2 V is also beginning to emerge.

In the lithium-ion rechargeable battery run time, the battery technicians and sales personnel to use the side with an introduction to the technical team, clearly tell everyone what to do and not do. Now, sales are run by companies, fewer and fewer such scenes.

Q: How to improve the resistance of young technical staff?

West: Lithium-ion rechargeable hp 367759-001 battery with the original battery is different from other chemicals, non-electric material elements of knowledge but also wide. These include organic chemistry (electrolyte, binder, diaphragm), polymer chemistry (divide, linking, gel electrolyte), metal (positive and negative collecting agency), ceramic (positive living material), the carbon materials (anode), etc..

In addition, lithium-ion rechargeable toshiba PA3534U-1BRS battery applications wide range of fields, use the method (charge and discharge conditions) are also diverse, so also need to understand the application of the machine a little. Therefore, can not lock us in “I’m positive expert, a narrow zone. In command of a wide range of knowledge (even if you can sit in the cars), then, should be established areas of expertise.

Q: Could you tell us about the problems of system management.

West: I hope that manufacturers of batteries, remember that more attention should be given regarding the cost principles of quality and safety. Otherwise, no matter how to improve the energy density and output characteristics, eventually becoming a mirage.

You want to use lithium-ion rechargeable batteries and battery production in the exchange of technical personnel to go to learn more about lithium-ion rechargeable apple PowerBook G4 15 inch battery is used. Of course, this issue is not only machine, hand building, the designer of the battery must also pay attention.

Some people, against the battery of the laptop is the blood of the body, although not very precise, but the resulting battery cell can still see the importance of a laptop.

I bought second hand laptops have been for some time. When I started with the Laptop battery to supply a laptop for membership to 50 minutes before the time less and less, until eventually work more than 10 minutes. Although couples battery laptop second hand is unrealistic, too (as long as several minutes can be used to prevent a power failure may be caused by data loss), generally used as a UPS. But in fact I am always behind his back, often in places where there is no outlet to use it, so always expect the battery will work as long as possible because it can greatly improve the mobility of laptops.

Spent much energy on the market to find, but always the first wife did not find the battery. Relied on their own notebook batteries have a certain understanding, and repair of certain powers of the device, try to repair itself. The next operation, tools required are: multimeter, soldering iron, pliers, razor blades, pliers electrical tape, wire or a small bulb.

Capacity Restoration Act

Remove the IBM ThinkPad R40 battery from the laptop and discovered that the battery box labeled “Ni-Cd”, “9.6 V 2000mA” the words, indicating that the battery is a nickel-cadmium batteries (rechargeable batteries are worst case), rated voltage of 9.6V, 2000mAh capacity. A total of eight batteries metal interfaces, respectively, from left to right mark (the battery with the label side up) – TTI + I +.

Measured with the multimeter found that the battery has two batteries, the leftmost “-” and the right of the second “+” is a group, the second left “-” and the far right of the “+” is a group. Detection of two batteries are really for no-load voltage of 9.8V, and when the battery is low voltage alarm, after the mobile starts (and one might expect that there should not be too many ‘ electricity)! Concludes: the laptop to start with low voltage alarm goes off automatically after a while, but when the battery is not fully satisfied, it is a certain degree of residual power, while nickel batteries cadmium have memory effect and do not take full charge over time will reduce Dell GD761 battery capacity.

Then sent for two son of heating (which can also change a light bulb or power resistor) connected to each positive battery cell and negative ends (the discharge current can be controlled to 200mA ~ 500mA between the specific capacity the battery must be considered, while all – usually 0.2C ~ 0.5C is the battery nominal capacity of 0.2 to 0.5 magnification of the discharge current), to release the battery power of finished products base and then it stalls multimeter electrical current to 10A and finally exhausted the battery back in the laptop for a normal load. After such repeated four times and found that the hp PB995A battery was able to work more than 40 minutes from time, primarily to meet the requirements of use.

If your laptop battery is a similar situation, according to the above method a try, there may be unexpected pick up! In addition, if your laptop uses a lithium battery, the discharge of the battery cell in a note to be sure to jump the battery box of the circuit, because the only way to achieve good results.

Cell replacement laptop battery

With the method of recovery capabilities can be used to extend the sony VGP-BPS2A battery for some time to solve the problem, in addition to replacing the entire stack outside the (laptop batteries second hand is very difficult to find same model) can also change the core of the battery. But it also requires a better understanding of the knowledge of the battery, which powers the operation stronger. What follows is still my laptop batteries, for example (models of laptop is Fujitsu’s FMV-575NU / Y), introduced the replacement battery cell.

Although laptop batteries at the same time, there are two sets of batteries to power the machine, but with the test film multimeter Store Laptop batteries touching the spring, found the battery marked “+” or “-” the metal two springs in contact touch pads are interdependent, which means that the battery is actually two machines in parallel to food.

Battery with a blade along the slits on the sides of the battery carefully cut and found the battery box, a total of 16 monomers, which can be translated outside of a cell voltage and capacity, respectively: 1, 2 V, 1000mA. Although its shape and size and the general on the 5th, as the nickel cadmium batteries, but with the toshiba PA3465U-1BRS battery capacity on the market can not find. Finally, a store second-hand computer to find a Fujitsu FMV-575NS / batteries for laptops L, the label can be seen from the shell of the battery is Li-ion battery (Li-ion), tension 10.8V, capacity is 2400mA. And the battery on my laptop while Fujitsu, but the voltage, capacity and batteries are some differences in their nature, can replace the heart was not in the end, but still spent 180 yuan bought.

Home to the lithium battery open, rounding the circuit inside, remove the battery 6 monomer, a single cell parameters are: 3.6V, 1200 mA), according to the original arrangement of the circuit to the battery 22 in parallel and then series, using duct tape for six cells connected in a series of warehouses and under the battery of the laptop. Some laptop batteries in both positions with the “+” connected to a spring to choose the film touches arbitrary use with the battery cable connected to the positive terminal, so choose one with the “-” connected to the touch compressed spring and the battery connected to the anode. Finally, we need the original laptop batteries due to both labeled “T” word for the metal interface of an electronic component (this component is estimated laptop in the identification circuit of the battery to detect whether battery connected to the notebook) were removed, the welding position corresponding to the touch laptop spring on chip (if not this component, use the apple iBook G4 14 inch battery to the laptop power supply, the Power On Self Test appears after a while, the machine automatically shut off phenomenon). Of course, these operations must be conducted in the shutdown state.

As for the use of force after the reform, we should say is rather satisfactory: I just bought a laptop battery works more than 50 minutes, and disposal after use change of such methods, we found that the batteries of laptop computers can escape through the 2 hours continuous operation experimental 40 minutes, I was very surprised. Although this example is in my laptop Fujitsu’s experience from the successful experience of the current situation, but we can understand by analogy. It should be noted that the restructuring should take into account several key factors are: Battery voltage, nominal capacity and volume. A little different voltage and rated capacity, not a big problem, but if the TravelMate 290 battery after the reform are too large will not fit into the warehouse of the original battery, no matter how long laptop battery are not really meaningful (and you still can not laptop batteries outside, pulling a long wire with Jigen bar – if so, the portability of laptops is significantly reduced in!)

Ultimately remains to remind you that this method has great risks, for reference, there is no certainty do not apply. Otherwise, in the process of restructuring and unexpectedly, and my education “Chinese computer” are not responsible.

Editor’s Note: This article is mentioned in several respects, indeed, applied to a number of occasions, such as maintenance of mobile phone battery. In addition, the movements of exchange battery, as this author can buy the same second-brand laptop battery hand and get used the example of lithium batteries can be described as lucky. Lithium batteries performance is good, but can not make this event, readers can use in practice, instead of nickel-hydride batteries in metal. Currently, there are many sales in the electronics market nickel-hydride batteries, metal, we can buy as needed. Add that use nickel-hydride batteries in metal have several advantages: first, cheap, easy to access; Secondly, the nickel-metal hydride batteries are not “smart” lithium have not need more of the auxiliary circuit and turn it more convenient Completed batteries for laptop computer use in place a more secure world: the three, only the voltage nickel-metal hydride batteries to 1.2V, 3.6 cons V Li-Ion batteries need to be more easily combined into a voltage. Of course, gaps nickel-hydride batteries in metal are also very obvious, the weight of the component, a relatively low capacity of Dell U4873 battery the main problem.