digital batteries

As the valve regulated lead acid batteries with a low cost, voltage stability, pollution, etc. In recent years, widely used in telecommunications, electricity and transport sector. But the recent reaction of many users, who must work for 10 to 15 years of VGP-BPS2A VGP-BPS9A battery, especially in the 3 ~ 5 years, damaged, and some even less than one year is also resulting in great economic losses. Interviews and surveys conducted by the author that: Due to the unreasonable burden and life control discharge of the battery caused by the termination of a minority. On the battery and monitor the impact of unreasonable rejection is enormous, as the loss of battery capacity of the first sulphate irreversible thermal runaway, the electrolyte is dried up and the reasonable control of the load and discharge. To prolong the life of valve lead acid batteries, I spoke briefly about the battery VRLA right and control the release of technical requirements.

First, the use of floating charge

In the power systems of communication of supply DC power to ensure uninterrupted, generally using switching rectifier (charger) and the battery in parallel floating charge is used. In the state of the float, the load current is mainly used for battery self-discharge due to the loss of capacity, but the floating state and battery charge current is closely tied to the float voltage. In order to have more valve lead-acid battery float life of service in the battery, they must fully integrate cell manufacturing raw materials and the structural characteristics and the ambient temperature and other aspects, so to develop the battery and reasonable terms of use, in particular, is the float voltage setting. For example: at an ambient temperature of 25 ℃, the standard type of valve regulated lead-acid battery voltage float should be set at 2.25V, IBM ThinkPad R52 battery IBM ThinkPad T40 battery which allows changes in the range of 2.23 ~ 2.27V. Float voltage is too low, the battery state of charge due to a long period, not only the plates of the battery in the irreversible formation of sulfate, but also in the active and barrier layer formed between the grid of high strength, so that the battery internal resistance increased, reduced capacity and, possibly, early termination of the life float voltage is too high, the state of charge of battery over a long period will lead to the battery current is increased, not only open the valve often lead to increased dehydration, the degradation capacity, and also the heat generated in the battery too late to be dissipated, the temperature rise, thus creating a vicious circle, leading to a runaway Heat, while also accelerated grid corrosion float life of early termination.

Of course, not least in order to recharge the battery, it does not load, but must also adapt to changes in blood temperature of the float, the usual adjustment coefficient of ± 3 mV / ℃. But in any case once the adjustment factor float voltage, the battery can be used in any temperature. We should know that the temperature is low, due to float voltage increases, the same shall float current increases, accelerated grid corrosion, the life of a series of problems such as early termination, while the temperature is high, float voltage is reduced, will charge the battery due to the formation of a series of questions. It can be seen, valve installation of the lead acid battery, it is best installed in air-conditioned, well ventilated room, while also passing rectifiers, etc. away from the heat source, and multi -install the battery, it is preferable not installed in the battery cabinet, so as not to affect cooling. Dell Latitude X1 battery Dell XPS M1210 battery

In addition, tension systems of communication, there are some rectifier switch settings is not a load balanced. Thus, if the battery float voltage is set to normal or low, too late to make room after the incident electric shock could be the formation of sulfate irreversible if the battery float voltage is too high, the battery be used on the normal float charge problem, also affect battery life.

Secondly, the use of a load balanced

In depth valves lead battery acid or unloading of long term floating power supply imbalances in the battery voltage and the unique ability may occur. To eliminate the imbalances, the charging voltage charge must be increased, this pricing method is called a balanced load. “Telecom Power maintenance procedures, the provisions of the valve-regulated lead acid batteries to meet one of the following conditions must be load balanced: ① two or more single battery voltage is lower than floating to 2.18 V. ② Discharge at depths greater than 20%; ③ idle more than three months; ④ full float for more than three months.

Charge equalization, the commonly used constant pressure limiting. Charging voltage is also based on structural characteristics of the F3172A PB995A battery and the ambient temperature to determine the ambient temperature is 25 ℃, single valve regulated lead acid battery charging voltage should be put in the balance of 2.35V, load current must be less than 0.25C10A, C10 rate of 10 hours for the discharge capacity of the battery. Typically, the temperature is increased by 1 ℃, the balance of power one battery charge should decrease 3mV. Note: In accordance with a balanced strategy of charging the battery when the charging voltage is an important addition to the outside, a balanced charging time is also very important. To prolong battery life, must be based on a balanced load voltage and current, accurate set a time of balanced load. In other words, a balanced process of the load when the load current is constant for three hours, must be immediately transferred to the state of floating charge, otherwise it will seriously affect the battery life overload.

3, use the discharge

As the valve regulated lead acid batteries in the power system of communication in use as a standby power outage, will be immediately transferred to the rejection of the State to ensure an uninterrupted supply of power continuous. Thus, the use of battery discharge is also particularly important. Discharge should be noted that the rate of battery discharge and termination voltage discharge, in particular, is different from room temperature to terminate the discharge rate and voltage settings of discharge. Due to the different temperature greatly affect the freezing point of battery electrolyte, and activity of active substances to ensure adequate chemical reaction performed VRLA batteries is better controlled at the minimum temperature of -20 ℃ above, preferably at 25 ℃ on the reasons for such a package has been repeatedly mentioned earlier, do not occur here. PA3285U-3BRS PA3383U-1BRS

The closure of the landfill from the battery voltage is to prevent the rejection process in a group where a single cell in the battery voltage and capacity imbalances. Generally, excessive discharge Seriously, the following charges, the battery behind the recovery more difficult, which seriously affects battery life. In the system of communication power supply, usually valve discharge rate battery 0.02C10, 0.1C10, 0.2C10 or 0.3C10A. To avoid excessive discharge, not only to the extent possible, to avoid the flow is too small, but they must also be based on the rate of discharge, combined with the temperature, the design of precision voltage discharge termination. Under normal circumstances, if the rate of 0.01 ~ 0.025C, the termination voltage can be set to 2.00V; flow rate of 0.5 ~ 0.25 V, it can set to 1.80V. Due to the existence of concentration polarization, increases in discharge rate, accompanied by increasing the discharge current discharge, non-voltage must be lowered. A1175 A1185

1, lithium-ion batteries generations of Change

The first generation of lithium-ion VGP-BPS2A VGP-BPS9A batteries: anode: lithium metal, the tensions of work to 3.7V. Since lithium directly to a very bright as a negative, too many security risks have been eliminated.

The second generation: low-power lithium-ion batteries liquid. Anode material allotrope C, operating voltage was reduced to 3.6 V. It avoids directly to the lithium metal as the potential security problems of anode are generally used for laptops, cameras and so on.

Third-generation polymer lithium-ion battery. The electrolyte does not flow from freezing solid material can be made into any shape, size. Great capacity but not high current discharge for mobile phones, MP3 and other computer products market power by a smaller favor.

The fourth-generation high-power lithium-ion battery. High capacity, clean and high current (power) discharge. Electric bicycles and electric vehicles as a high power battery.

Secondly, the advantages of lithium batteries

1. Lithium is the lightest metal in nature, specific gravity and water is only 1 / 2, so the quality lithium-ion batteries that high. Usually cadmium – nickel-2 to 3 times, hydrogen – The nickel was ~ 2-foldIBM ThinkPad R52 battery IBM ThinkPad T40 battery

2. Lithium atom / ion radius smaller volume ratio of hydrogen – rechargeable nickel to 30% smaller than the size of its energy is also high. Usually cadmium – nickel-two times more hydrogen – rechargeable nickel 1.5 times.

3. Thirdly, lithium is the least electronegativity, the standard redox potential of – 3.045 V (hydrogen electrode reference is concerned). Therefore, both find as suitable cathode material, you can get a high electromotive force, which currently operates 3 to 4 volts, is cadmium – nickel, hydrogen – nickel 3 times.

4. And most sources of chemical energy with a different aqueous solution as electrolyte, lithium-ion batteries use organic solvents as an electrolyte. Therefore, the lithium-ion batteries often used with a wide range of temperature, usually 20 ℃ ~ 60 ℃, particularly adapted for use at low temperature. The solution near the battery to 0 ℃, which is a result of electrolyte freezing completely discarded.

5. Lithium-ion batteries containing heavy metal elements (such as lead acid batteries in Pb) and toxic elements (such as cadmium – nickel batteries in Ge) do not cause environmental pollution, they been known as the green battery.

6. Lithium battery voltage discharge ion plate, no memory effect, little self-discharge cycle life long, but it is also an important advantage. Dell Inspiron 1300 battery  Dell Inspiron 1420 battery

3, the security risks of lithium batteries come from?

(1) Lithium-essential ion battery: Li animated metals in the non-normal circumstances (eg, overload), Li + may be negative to be electronic, not precipitation lithium metal, and assembled in a dendrite lithium perforated diaphragm, connectivity is negative, causing internal short-circuit the battery. In addition, in the case of air or water, the precipitation of lithium metal but also extremely insecure factors.

(2) lithium-ion battery electrolytes: conductivity is low flammability, oxidation and reduction of solution. Battery voltage lithium 3 ~ 4 V, the traditional theory of the tension of the electrolyte solution 1.23 V, the lithium battery of high-voltage electrolysis of water has long been recognized. Thus, lithium batteries can only be due to high compression, high-boiling point organic electrolyte. Organic solution has the disadvantage of generally conductivity (eg high resistance) in short-circuit and overload of work, the high current rapidly cause the battery’s internal heat, which triggers the combustion of electrolyte in overload, where too discharge electrolysis solution is oxidized or restoration, the production of a large number of gas, so that sealed lithium-ion battery is even a risk of explosion! In addition, the internal temperature of the battery and the battery are a couple of reaction intensified in the vicious circle of positive feedback, leading to fire or explosion of battery of short duration. hp Pavilion DV1000 battery  hp Pavilion dv4000 battery

4, power-based lithium-safety requirements on ion batteries as lithium-ion battery means more

(1), large capacity requirements of safety higher: the power type lithium-ion batteries and the combination of the battery capacity is 1.3Ah, 1.5AH, 3Ah, 3.5AH, 7Ah, 10Ah, 14Ah, 20Ah or higher is lithium-ion batteries in general several times. Large capacity for materials micro-performance lithium-ion battery anode are being de-embedded / embedded in the number of lithium-ion batteries, which will increase its security implications.

(2) Discharge high power safety requirements are higher: low-power lithium ion batteries, they are less active in the power of the computer products market, and power lithium-ion batteries used in electric, powered vehicles and military player. The power to fulfill the latter is much larger than the first, namely, the internal battery to withstand the current is much larger than the former, but as mentioned earlier, organic electrolytes by strong currents (typically up ’safety of several or even dozens of security), is also a lithium-ion a risk factor for the battery.

(3) the use of harsh conditions on the security requirements are higher: the battery type lithium-ion power commonly used in difficult conditions, such as electric vehicles as a power source, they work full air, to withstand changes in temperature in its impact, while benefiting from bumps and emergency stop, accelerate test extrinsic motivation. PA3399U-1BRS PA3399U-2BAS

Therefore, lithium power type, the security issues that ion battery using lithium-ion battery is more prominent, higher requirements. How to solve this problem, also from the material, structure and circuit protection to begin. Finally, and scientific testing and certification authority, so it can provide efficient and safe power type lithium-ion delivered to the customer’s hands.

5, the security issues resolved?

One, materials, start with a selection of over safety of lithium manganese oxide, lithium iron phosphate cathode material B as a reasonable choice of anode material for C temperature characteristics over the selection of membrane materials and better temperature characteristics of D, a higher pressure, electrical conductivity and better electrolyte formula E a reasonable proportion of positive and negative materials

2 Circuit A reliable external peripheral circuits are designed to ensure reliability, failure analysis prepared to reduce the working batteries in extreme conditions, the probability, so that the batteries operate in a reasonable condition B processes and materials to ensure the reliability of the circuitA1022 A1078

3, the strict inspection and monitoring.

The development and current situation

Chemical power, regulator of human use and efficient sources of energy currently available. Laptop battery also known as the power supply side, there is a chemical reaction to the energy released can be directly converted into a DC device. Battery electrolyte according to their different, often divided into acid and alkaline batteries. In recent decades, due to transport. Communications. The rapid development of the computer industry and its product lines. Product categories. Product performance has changed dramatically, and thus meet the needs of different uses. Currently, batteries are mainly used in various types of vehicles. Ship. Price From aircraft engines and lighting. Storage. Uninterrupted power supply. Mobile Communications. Portable Electric Hardware, Tools, Electric toys.

In short, the stack of National Defense. The industrial and agricultural production. Transport. Electricity. E. Communications. Education. Research. Health care and the daily life of people has been widely used. Commonly used batteries are lead acid batteries. Nickel-cadmium batteries. Iron-nickel batteries. Metal oxide batteries. Silver zinc batteries. Nickel-zinc batteries. Ni-MH battery. Lithium-ion batteries and so on.

Batteries Introduction 

A. Lead-acid VGP-BPS10 battery is extremely negative, is extremely carbon dioxide, lead, sulfuric acid electrolyte is mainly from the variety. Fixed. Traction type. Type of food and portable, and open often or antacid (GF), a small amount of gel electrolyte batteries (GEL). In recent years, particularly in VRLA (ValveRegulatedLeadAcidBattery) cell emergence in some areas have been able to replace the batteries and alkaline dry, so that lead-acid batteries play a greater role. Lead acid batteries because of low prices, suitable for low temperature and high discharge rate, so widely used, is the telecommunications industry in China, the main back up power products. However, as lead-acid energy density of the battery is low, the production process toxic. Adverse factors such as environmental pollution, to some extent, influenced the scope of its application.

B. Nickel-cadmium batteries, cadmium is extremely negative, the electrolyte is highly oxidized nickel is a solution of aqueous potassium hydroxide. Common form is a square. Button and cylindrical, which have openings. The three kinds of seals and seal the structure. Manufactured in a manner depending on the plate divided cassette plate. Sintered. Pressed by type and slurry type. Nickel-cadmium batteries with high throughput. Low temperature performance, features long life cycle.

C. Nickel-metal hydride batteries are also new developments of new products, is extremely negative absorption of hydrogen in rare earth alloy, are extremely nickel oxide, the electrolyte is potassium hydroxide. Solution of lithium hydroxide as the energy of Ni-Cd sony VGP-BPS2A battery is 1.5-2 times, with a fast charge. Excellent performance of high discharge rate and efficiency at low discharge temperature, cheap, pollution-free, known as the green battery.

D. Iron-nickel-iron batteries is extremely negative, are extremely nickel oxide hydroxide, potassium or sodium hydroxide as the electrolyte solution. Consistently. Durable. And characteristics of long-lived compared to low energy, multi-power supply for mining vehicles.

E. Zinc-zinc-silver is extremely negative, are highly oxidized silver, the electrolyte is an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide, with a higher energy density and excellent high performance discharge rate, but the price is high, used for military industries, and weapons systems.

F. Zinc-zinc-nickel is extremely negative, are highly oxidized nickel electrolyte is a solution of aqueous potassium hydroxide with a high specific energy, low prices, but shorter life expectancy in recent years, the cycle life of nickel-zinc VGP-BPS9A batteries have been greatly improved, is expected to improve the life cycle will be more widely applied.

G. Lithium-ion battery cathode is a carbon (graphite), the cathode of cobalt oxide, lithium is due to the solution of organic electrolytes with a high voltage. Higher energy and excellent cycle life, safety, pollution, known as green energy. Often as a tool of communication equipment and portable power.

Prospect

In short, China’s battery industry development of all backgrounds to get an opportunity of rapid development. So far, the company devotes to a manufacturing operation of the battery has reached no less than 1000. At the same time without maintenance. In valves of lead acid batteries. Metal-oxide-Ni battery. Lithium-ion batteries and other new batteries are also applied in all areas of life have focused on.